Genoma de caramujo causador da esquistossomose é sequenciado

Um artigo publicado na Nature Communications, uma das mais influentes revistas científicas, apresenta o sequenciamento do genoma do Biomphalaria glabrata, espécie de caramujo que é o principal e mais importante hospedeiro do Schistosoma mansoni, causador da esquistossomose, doença que afeta 240 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. O estudo que deu origem ao artigo envolveu instituições de onze países, entre elas a Fiocruz Minas.

O mapeamento fornece uma descrição completa acerca das características do caramujo, incluindo informações relacionadas à estrutura física do molusco e ainda à forma como ele se comporta. Isso torna possível, por exemplo, entender como funciona os sistemas digestivo, respiratório, reprodutivo, entre outros, além de jogar luz sobre questões comportamentais, que podem explicar a forma de interação entre o Biomphalaria glabrata e o ambiente. Ao todo, foram identificados 14.423 genes.

“A partir de agora, será possível melhor entender e compreender a funcionalidade desse molusco e encontrar formas mais eficazes para controlá-lo ou torná-lo, se possível, um molusco resistente à infecção pelo S. mansoni. Talvez possamos entender como o mecanismo de defesa da B. glabrata permitiu que o parasita se adaptasse tão bem a ele”, afirma o pesquisador Omar dos Santos Carvalho, do Grupo de Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica (HMM) da Fiocruz Minas.

O estudo, que durou 15 anos, teve início na Fiocruz Minas, com a captura e caracterização dos caramujos, realizadas pelos pesquisadores Omar Carvalho, Roberta Caldeira e José Amorim da Silva. Nos laboratórios da unidade, os caramujos foram submetidos a diferentes experimentos, visando assegurar que a espécie coletada era de fato a B. glabrata.

“Fizemos a identificação morfológica, ou seja, uma análise dos órgãos internos de vários exemplares do caramujo e, para ampliar a confiabilidade, realizamos estudos moleculares para confirmação da identificação da espécie”, explica a pesquisadora Roberta Caldeira, do Grupo de HMM. Segundo ela, os moluscos coletados foram ainda submetidos à infecção com duas cepas de Schistosoma mansoni, já que uma característica relevante da B. glabrata é a alta taxa de infectividade.

Os pesquisadores da Fiocruz também fizeram análise de dados genômicos, proteômicos e transcritômicos, bem como a Identificação de proteínas envolvidas na via de pequenos RNAs . Os resultados dessas metodologias de nomes complicados fornecem informações importantes acerca da biologia do caramujo, bem como da relação entre ele e o hospedeiro. Possibilitam também compreender melhor os mecanismos de suscetibilidade e resistência de B. glabrata ou ainda as condições que a torna mais propensa à infecção.

“O grande diferencial desse estudo é a enorme quantidade de possibilidades que ele gera. Para se ter uma ideia, foram publicados, em forma de suplementos neste artigo da Nature, cerca de outros 50 artigos explorando os dados genômicos gerados por esse projeto”, destaca Caldeira.

O estudo envolveu o trabalho de 118 pesquisadores. Só na Fiocruz Minas e na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 16 pessoas estiveram envolvidas: Roberta Caldeira, Omar Carvalho, Liana Passos, Guilherme Oliveira, Juliana Assis, Yesid Cuesta-Astroz, Sandra Gava, Fernanda Ludolf, Francislon Oliveira, Fabiano Pais, Izinara Rosse, Larissa Scholte, Matheus de Souza Gomes, Elio Baba, Laurence Amaral e Wander Jeremias. Dentre esses, Guilherme Oliveira, agora no Instituto Tecnológico Vale em Belém, foi um dos membros do comitê que editou a versão final do artigo.

“O sucesso desse trabalho é resultado do esforço de uma equipe internacional. Foi um grande prazer e muito gratificante participar deste grande grupo”, ressalta Omar Carvalho.

Conheça o artigo.

ESQUISTOSSOMOSE NO PAÍS

Segundo a responsável técnica pelo Programa de Esquistossomose do Ministério da Saúde, Jeann Marie Marcelino, dados do Inquérito Nacional de Prevalência da Esquistossomose e das Geo-helmintíases mostram que aproximadamente 1,5 milhão de pessoas possam estar infectadas com o Schistosoma mansoni no país. A transmissão ocorre de forma endêmica nos Estados de Alagoas, Bahia, Maranhão, Pernambuco e Sergipe, na região Nordeste, e em Minas Gerais e no Espírito Santo, na região Sudeste. Há registro de focos de transmissão no Ceará, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e no Pará.

De acordo com o inquérito, no período de 2001 a 2015, foram detectados cerca de 38 mil casos na área endêmica. Nesse mesmo período, houve uma média de 195 internações e 488 óbitos. Em 2015, foram 193 internações e 459 óbitos.

No restante do país, são notificados casos, em sua maioria importados de áreas endêmicas, devido ao fluxo migratório de pessoas. Em 2015, foram notificados 4.356 casos, incluindo as formas graves da doença.

De acordo com uma publicação do Ministério da Saúde de 2008,  o caramujo da espécie Biomphalaria glabrata está distribuído em 806 municípios, de 16 estados brasileiros (AL, BA, DF, ES, GO,MA, MG, PA, PB,PR,PE,PI,RJ,RN,RS,SP e SE) e no Distrito Federal.

 A DOENÇA

A esquistossomose é uma doença causada pelo Schistosoma mansoni, parasita que tem no homem seu hospedeiro definitivo, mas que necessita de caramujos, como B. glabrata,como hospedeiros intermediários para desenvolver seu ciclo evolutivo. A transmissão desse parasita se dá pela liberação de seus ovos através das fezes do homem infectado. Em contato com a água, os miracídios eclodem e penetram nos caramujos e, algum tempo depois, liberam novas larvas. Na água, as larvas (cercarias) penetram na pele e/ou mucosa do homem, reiniciando o ciclo.

A doença apresenta duas fases durante seu processo evolutivo: aguda e crônica. Na primeira fase, os principais sintomas podem ser vermelhidão e manifestações de coceiras e dermatite na pele, febre alta, inapetência, fraqueza, enjoo, vômitos, tosse, diarreia e rápido emagrecimento. Na fase crônica, a mais grave, os sintomas são o aumento do abdômen e de órgãos como fígado e baço, hemorragias ao defecar, fadiga, cólica, prisão de ventre, cirrose e o aparecimento de ínguas em diversas partes do corpo. Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde, as esquistossomoses são consideradas o segundo maior problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo, ficando atrás apenas da malária.

Por: Keila Maia (CPqRR/Fiocruz Minas)

 

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