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Wei Zhou, Roberto Tamborini, Daniela Gabor, Cyclical fluctuations in the Mediterranean basin ," Journal of International Economics , Elsevier, vol. Basher, Syed Abul, Nenad Stanisic, Cited by: Philip R. Lane, Philip R. The Oecd 2011 103 Defines Social Capital

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State-building as a specific term in social sciences and humanitiesrefers to political and historical processes of creation, institutional consolidation, stabilization and sustainable development Oecr statesfrom the earliest The Oecd 2011 103 Defines Social Capital of statehood up to the modern times. Within historical and political sciences, there are several theoretical approaches to complex questions related to role of various contributing factors geopolitical, economic, social, cultural, ethnic, religious, internal, external in state-building processes. Since the end of the 20th century, state-building has developed into becoming an integral part and even a specific approach to peacebuilding by the international community.

Observers across the political and academic spectra have come to see the state-building approach as the preferred strategy to peacebuilding in a number of high-profile conflicts, including the Israeli—Palestinian conflictand war-related conflicts in Bosnia and HerzegovinaIraq, and Afghanistan. According to the political scientist Anders Perssoninternationally led state-building is based on three dimensions: a security dimension, a political dimension and an economic dimension. Of these three, security is almost always considered the first priority. The general argument in the academic literature on state-building is that without security, other tasks of state-building are not possible. Read more, when state-building as an approach to peacebuilding is employed in conflict and post-conflict societies, the first https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/purpose-of-case-study-in-psychology/analysis-of-al-shabaab-s-origins.php is to create a Tne environment Degines order to make wider political and economic development possible.

So far, the results of using the state-building approach to peacebuilding have been mixed, and in many places, such as in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq, the initial high expectations set by the international community have not been met.

The literature on state-building has always been very clear in that building states has historically been a violent process and the outcomes in the above-mentioned cases and many others confirm the destabilizing and often violent nature of state-building. First, just click for source approach, is focused on historical aspects of state-building processes, from the earliest emergence of statehood up to the modern times.

Historical science views state-building as a complex phenomenon, influenced by various contributing factors geopolitical, economic, social, cultural, ethnic, religious and analyzes those factors and their mutual relations from the perspective of a The Oecd 2011 103 Defines Social Capital historical situation, that is characteristic for every state-building process. Historical approach also takes into account relation between internal and external contributing factors, and analyzes relations between different state-building process that are coexisting during the same historical period.

Within the second approach, state-building is seen by some theorists as an activity undertaken by external actors foreign countries attempting to build, or re-build, the institutions of a weaker, post-conflict or failing state. This 'exogenous' or International Relations school views state-building as the activity of one country in relation to another, usually following some form of intervention such as a UN peacekeeping operation.

The third, developmental, theory follows a set of principles developed by the OECD in on support to conflict-affected states which identified 'statebuilding' as an area for development assistance. The result saw work commissioned by donor countries on definitions, knowledge and practice in state-building, this work has tended go here draw heavily on political science. It has produced definitions that view state-building as an indigenous, national process driven by state-society relations.

This view believes that countries cannot do state-building outside their own borders, they can only influence, support or hinder such processes. Illustrations of this approach include a think-piece commissioned for OECD [ citation needed ] and a research study produced by the Overseas Development Institute. The developmental view was expressed in a number of papers commissioned by development agencies. Across the two streams of theory and writing there is a broader consensus that lessons on how to support state-building processes have not yet been fully learned. Some believe that supporting state-building requires the fostering of legitimate and sustainable state institutions, but many accept that strategies to achieve this have not yet been fully developed. Little of the post-conflict support to state-building undertaken so far has been entirely successful. From an exogenous perspective, it can be argued that sustained focus on supporting state-building has tended to happen in states frequently characterized by brutalized civilian populations, destroyed economies, institutions, infrastructure, and environments, widely accessible small arms, large numbers of The Oecd 2011 103 Defines Social Capital soldiers to be demobilized and reintegrated, and ethnically or religiously divided peoples.

These obstacles The Oecd 2011 103 Defines Social Capital compounded by the fundamental difficulty of grafting democratic and human rights values onto countries with different political, cultural, and religious heritages. Pluralizing click here is theoretical in its viability for immediate political and economic stability and expediency; ideological overtones can be met with opposition within host nations and issues of self-determination and external state trusteeship and stewarding of nascent institutional reform, or its creation, could damage a tenuous post-conflict national self-identity for critical analyses of neotrusteeship, see e.

Both schools of thinking have generated critiques and studies seeking to test the propositions made. A more developmental approach with an emphasis on composite state-building processes would have implications for donor programmes, diplomacy and peace-keeping.

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Some research has tried to test some of the ideas involved [6] and at least one donor agency issued a guidance note for its own programmes. There have also see more attempts to test out the thesis by looking at individual areas of state provision, particularly the area of healthcare. Further research on state—society relations has also been undertaken by groups including the Secure Livelihoods Research Consortium and the Crisis States Research Centre.

While some development papers have tried to argue that state-building takes place in all countries and that much can be learnt from successful state-building there is a tendency to narrow the discussion to the most problematic contexts.

As a result, much of the literature on state-building is preoccupied with post conflict issues. See e.]