Prevalence Of M Tuberculosis Infection - amazonia.fiocruz.br

Prevalence Of M Tuberculosis Infection - phrase removed

A widespread endemic disease with a stable number of infected people is not a pandemic. Widespread endemic diseases with a stable number of infected people such as recurrences of seasonal influenza are generally excluded as they occur simultaneously in large regions of the globe rather than being spread worldwide. Throughout human history , there have been a number of pandemics of diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis. The most fatal pandemic in recorded history was the Black Death also known as The Plague , which killed an estimated 75— million people in the 14th century. A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale that crosses international boundaries, usually affecting people on a worldwide scale. For instance, cancer is responsible for many deaths but is not considered a pandemic because the disease is not contagious i. The World Health Organization WHO previously applied a six-stage classification to describe the process by which a novel influenza virus moves from the first few infections in humans through to a pandemic. It starts when mostly animals are infected with a virus and a few cases where animals infect people, then moves to the stage where the virus begins to be transmitted directly between people and ends with the stage when infections in humans from the virus have spread worldwide. Prevalence Of M Tuberculosis Infection.

Anemia is a common Prevalence Of M Tuberculosis Infection at tuberculosis diagnosis, and there Prwvalence evidence that its prevalence is higher in patients with tuberculosis than in those infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and healthy controls. Information about anemia during tuberculosis diagnosis is still scarce in the Brazilian population. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of anemia in patients with tuberculosis cared for at a referral center and its association with clinical forms of tuberculosis and other characteristics of these patients.

A database of an ongoing cohort study underway at this service since provided the baseline information on tuberculosis cases extracted from a visit template. Exploratory and logistic regression analyses were performed to verify associations between anemia and demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, clinical conditions, and laboratory results.

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Of the cases reviewed, 70 were Prevalence Of M Tuberculosis Infection, with retained. The prevalence of anemia was Among patients with anemia, Anemia was more frequent in the most severe clinical forms, such as meningeal and disseminated tuberculosis. Anemia was highly prevalent in tuberculosis patients at diagnosis, predominantly as normochromic normocytic anemia and in mild and moderate forms. It was associated with baseline characteristics and conditions indicative of severe disease, suggesting that anemia could be a biomarker of tuberculosis severity. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Prevalence Of M Tuberculosis Infection, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Approximately 10 million people worldwide developed tuberculosis TB in TB is one of the top ten causes of death and the leading cause of death by a single infectious agent. Brazil is among the 20 countries with the highest absolute numbers of TB cases. Inthe estimated TB incidence was 96, cases, with an upward trend from to [ 1 ]. Rio de Janeiro is the state with the second highest burden of TB in the country, having had Multifactorial causes may contribute, either individually or in groups, to anemia.

Among these causes are infectious diseases [ 3 ]. Anemia is a common condition at Prevalence Of M Tuberculosis Infection diagnosis, with prevalence estimates ranging from 9. There is evidence that anemia is more frequent in TB patients than in TB contacts infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis [ 5 ] and healthy controls [ 67 Infsction. Hemoglobin Hb levels tend to decrease as acid-fast bacilli AFB smear positivity increases [ 8 ], and the presence of anemia at TB diagnosis has been associated with delayed smear negativity [ 69 ].

Anemia has been associated with unfavorable TB outcomes [ 10 ] and a higher Prevalence Of M Tuberculosis Infection of lethality among TB patients [ 1112 ], and its prevalence is significantly higher in HIV-TB than in HIV-negative TB patients [ 91113 — 16 ], suggesting an association of anemia with severe cases of TB. In Brazil, despite the high prevalence of TB in the population, there are few studies evaluating anemia and the factors associated with its occurrence. The two Brazilian studies that addressed anemia were performed in hospitalized pulmonary TB patients [ 1718 ] with poor health status.

In contrast, patients with less severe TB illness have not yet been studied in Brazil. The aim of this study was to describe the just click for source of anemia at TB diagnosis in a referral service for TB in Rio de Janeiro, classifying anemia according to its severity and morphological characteristics, and to identify its associated factors. It is an infectious disease hospital located in a central area of Rio de Janeiro that treats many infectious diseases, including TB. There is a well-defined healthcare protocol for TB, including interviews and systematic collection of demographic, socioeconomic, clinical and Prevalence Of M Tuberculosis Infection data.]