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Historical criticism , also known as the historical-critical method or higher criticism , is a branch of criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand "the world behind the text". The primary goal of historical criticism is to discover the text's primitive or original meaning in its original historical context and its literal sense or sensus literalis historicus. The secondary goal seeks to establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipients of the text. That may be accomplished by reconstructing the true nature of the events that the text describes. An ancient text may also serve as a document, record or source for reconstructing the ancient past, which may also serve as a chief interest to the historical critic. In regard to Semitic biblical interpretation, the historical critic would be able to interpret the literature of Israel as well as the history of Israel. In the 21st century, historical criticism is the more commonly used term for higher criticism, and textual criticism is more common than the loose expression "lower criticism". Historical criticism began in the 17th century and gained popular recognition in the 19th and 20th centuries. The perspective of the early historical critic was rooted in Protestant Reformation ideology since its approach to biblical studies was free from the influence of traditional interpretation. With each passing century, historical criticism became refined into various methodologies used today: source criticism , form criticism , redaction criticism , tradition criticism , canonical criticism , and related methodologies. The Pros And Cons Of Christian Theology

The Church regards with esteem also the Moslems. They adore the one God, living and subsisting in Himself; merciful and all- powerful, the Creator of heaven and earth, who has spoken to men; they take pains to submit wholeheartedly to even His inscrutable decrees, just as Abraham, with whom read more faith of Islam takes pleasure in linking itself, submitted to God.

Of all the statements made by the Chrustian Vatican Council, few have been The Pros And Cons Of Christian Theology divisive or as controversial as its declaration that the adherents of certain other religions, chiefly the Muslims, worship the one true God. Some critics have seen this as evidence of a creeping Pluralism that has infected Catholic theology, while other Catholics who are on the more Progressive end of the theological spectrum have taken this statement as an excuse to neglect our evangelistic duty towards Muslims, and regard theirs as an equally valid path to salvation.

I should not have to say much about the latter view, Christina it is easily refuted. The Catholic Catechism states that the evangelistic duty towards all is not rescinded by the fact that those outside of the true faith may come to a certain yet incomplete knowledge of God:.

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Although in ways known to himself God can lead those who, through no fault of their own, are ignorant of the Gospel, to that faith without which it is impossible to please him, the Church still has CCons obligation and also the sacred right to evangelize all men. But what about the claim that this affirmation is a Modernist error?

Has the Catholic Church abandoned the traditional faith in teaching that Christians and Muslims worship the same God? In order to answer continue reading question, we must look at how Christians in the past have tackled this problem, and what they had to say on the matter.

What follows is a list of various Christian sources that have answered this question. We shall take a look at what they have to say, and from there, we can determine which view has a greater claim to historical continuity. The first source that we shall look at The Pros And Cons Of Christian Theology the History of Heracliuswhich was written by an Armenian bishop named Sebeos during the early years of the Islamic conquest. Sebeos records the following for us regarding the rise of Muhammad:. He taught them to recognize the God of Abrahamespecially because he was learned and informed in the history of Moses.

Now because the command was from on high, at a single order they all came together in unity of religion. Abandoning their vain cults, they turned to the living God who had appeared to their father Abraham. Love sincerely only the God of Abraham.

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He makes brief mention of Muhammad. He is more careful than Sebeos in avoiding any implication of prophethood or divine guidance in describing Muhammad, yet nevertheless credits him with bringing monotheism to the Arabs. In one short sentence, he states:. Just like Sebeos, John affirms that the Muslim Arabs worshipped the true God, and The Pros And Cons Of Christian Theology not regard them as idolaters. Often but not always, this is presented as one side attempting to convert click to see more other.

The exact date of this text is unknown, but David G. Taylor suggests that a date towards the late 8th or early 9th century is the most plausible answer. This text begins with the Arab notable coming to a Syriac monastery to recover from a sickness. He is so impressed by the piety of the monks that he starts inquiring with one of them about what they believe. But tell me the truth, Muhammad our prophet, how is he reckoned in your eyes? Once again, we see here that the monk recognizes the Muslims as worshippers of the true God, and credits Muhammad with banishing idolatry from their midst. One of the most famous early Christian writers on Islam is Yuhanna b. Mansur b. Sarjun al-Dimashqi, better known to the west as St.

John of Damascus. He was a Chief Administrator in the Umayyad court before he being ordained as a priest, whereupon he dedicated his life to theology and apologetics. Midst this section, he speaks of the Arabs as having been idolaters before the coming of Islam. This, of course, implies that they are no longer idolaters. He then launches into a discussion of the Muslim accusation that Christians commit the sin of shirk association. After explaining why this is not so, he turns the accusation around against the Muslims. What he says is quite notable:.]