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The just-world fallacy or just-world hypothesis is Bullying Cause And Effect cognitive bias that a person's actions are inherently inclined to bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person; thus, it is the assumption that all noble actions are eventually rewarded and all evil actions eventually punished. In other words, the just-world hypothesis is the tendency to attribute consequences to—or expect consequences as the result of—a universal force that restores moral balance. The hypothesis popularly appears in the English language in various figures of speech that imply guaranteed negative reprisal, such as: " you got what was coming to you ", " what goes around comes around ", " chickens come home to roost ", "everything happens for a reason", and " you reap what you sow ".

This hypothesis has been widely studied by social psychologists since Melvin J. Lerner conducted seminal work on the belief in a just world in the early s. Many philosophers and social theorists have observed and considered the phenomenon of belief in a just world, going back to at least as early https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/media-request-css/cystic-fibrosis-an-recessive-disease.php the Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricuswriting circa CE, who argued against this belief. Aristotelian ethics views "justice" as the chief of the virtues; moral sense being deeply rooted in the nature of humans as social and rational animals. Lerner was prompted to study justice beliefs and Bullying Cause And Effect just-world hypothesis in the context of social psychological inquiry into negative social and societal interactions.

He sought to answer the questions of how regimes that cause cruelty and suffering maintain popular support, and how people come to accept social norms and link that produce misery and suffering. Lerner's inquiry was influenced by repeatedly witnessing the tendency of observers to blame victims for their suffering. During his clinical training as a psychologist, he observed treatment of mentally ill persons by the health care practitioners with whom he worked. Although Lerner knew them to be kindhearted, educated people, they often blamed patients for the patients' own suffering.

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InLerner and his colleagues began a series of experiments that used shock paradigms to investigate observer responses to victimization. Bullyying the first of these experiments conducted at the University of Kansas72 female participants watched what appeared to be a confederate receiving electrical Bullying Cause And Effect under a variety of conditions. Initially, these observing participants were upset by the victim's apparent suffering. But as the suffering continued and observers remained unable to intervene, the observers began to reject and devalue the victim. Rejection and devaluation of the victim was greater when the observed suffering was greater.

But when participants were told the victim would receive compensation for her suffering, link participants did not derogate the victim. To Bullying Cause And Effect these studies' findings, Lerner theorized that there was a prevalent belief in a just world. A just world is one in which actions and conditions have predictable, appropriate consequences. These actions and conditions are typically individuals' behaviors or attributes.

The specific conditions that correspond to certain consequences are socially determined by a society's norms and ideologies. Lerner presents the belief in a just world as functional: it maintains the idea that one can influence the world in a predictable way.

Belief in a just world functions as a sort of "contract" with the world regarding the consequences of behavior. This allows people to plan for the future and engage in effective, goal-driven behavior. Lerner hypothesized that the belief in a just Bullying Cause And Effect is crucially important for people to maintain for their own well-being.

But people are confronted daily with evidence that the world is not just: people suffer without apparent cause. Lerner explained that people use strategies to eliminate threats to their belief in a just world.

These Efdect can be rational or irrational.]