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What Is the Flywheel?

Utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals. For instance, Jeremy Benthamthe Achievinv of Pqin, described utility as "that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness Utilitarianism is a version of consequentialismwhich states that the consequences of any action are https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/essay-writing-format-cbse-class-12/what-influenced-joseph-haydns-music.php only standard of right and wrong.

Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as egoism and altruismutilitarianism considers the interests of all humans equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have disagreed on a number of points, such as whether actions should be chosen based on their likely results act utilitarianismor whether agents should conform to Achieving A Goal Requires Sacrifice Pain And that maximize utility rule utilitarianism. There is also disagreement as to whether total total utilitarianismaverage average utilitarianism or minimum utility [3] should be maximized.

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Hareand Peter Singer. The concept has been applied towards social welfare economicsthe crisis of global povertythe ethics of raising animals for foodand the importance of avoiding existential risks to humanity. Benthamismthe utilitarian philosophy founded by Jeremy Benthamwas substantially modified by his successor John Stuart Millwho popularized the term utilitarianism. Rather, he adopted it from a passing expression" in John Galt 's novel Annals of the Parish.

The importance of happiness as an end for humans has long been recognized. Forms of hedonism were put forward by Aristippus and Epicurus ; Aristotle argued that eudaimonia is the highest human good; and Augustine wrote that "all men agree in desiring the last end, which is happiness. Mohist consequentialism click communitarian moral goods, including political stabilitypopulation growthand wealthbut did not support Achievung utilitarian notion of maximizing individual happiness.

Utilitarianism as a distinct ethical position only emerged in the 18th century, and although it is usually thought to have begun with Jeremy Benthamthere were earlier writers who presented theories that were strikingly similar. Francis Hutcheson first introduced a key utilitarian phrase in An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue : when choosing the most moral action, the amount of virtue in a particular action is proportionate to the number of people such brings happiness to.

The best action is the one that procures the greatest happiness of the greatest numbers—and Paij worst is the one that causes the most misery. In the first three editions of the book, Hutcheson included various mathematical see more "to compute the Morality of any Actions. Some claim that John Gay developed the first systematic theory of utilitarian ethics. To ask why I pursue happiness, will admit of no other Achieving A Goal Requires Sacrifice Pain And than an explanation of the terms.

This pursuit of happiness is given a theological basis: [16]. Now it is evident from the nature of God, viz. In all determinations of moralitythis circumstance of public utility is ever principally in view; and wherever disputes arise, either in philosophy or common life, concerning the bounds of duty, the question cannot, by any means, be decided with greater certainty, than by ascertaining, on any side, the true Scrifice of mankind.

If any false opinion, embraced here appearances, has been found to prevail; as soon as farther experience and sounder reasoning have given us juster notions of human affairs, we retract our first sentiment, and adjust anew the boundaries of moral good and evil. Gay's theological utilitarianism was developed and popularized by William Paley.]