Birth And Control The Influence Of Birth - amazonia.fiocruz.br

Birth And Control The Influence Of Birth Video

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Hormonal contraception, birth control, "the pill" - whatever you call it - allows people to prevent unintended pregnancies. There are two types of oral birth control pills: combination pills consisting of synthetic estrogen and progestin, and progestin-only pills, also called the mini pill. Menstrual periods typically occur every 21 to 35 days, with bleeding lasting between two and seven days. The amount of blood lost during each cycle varies based on the person but is usually between two to three tablespoons. Contraceptives regulate and lighten periods by balancing estrogen levels which inhibit the growth of the uterus's lining, known as endometrial tissue. Less endometrial tissue means less bleeding during menstruation. Also known as dysmenorrhea , menstrual cramps are caused by the release of hormone-like substances called prostaglandins that cause the uterus to contract. Menstrual cramps and heavy bleeding can also be caused by other hormonal conditions like endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS. Hormonal contraceptives are the front-line option for relieving symptoms of both conditions. Birth control doesn't cure PCOS or endometriosis, but it suppresses menstruation and inhibits the growth of endometrial tissue which prevents symptoms. Birth And Control The Influence Of Birth

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Fraternal birth order has been correlated with male sexual orientationwith a significant volume of research finding that the more older brothers https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/pathetic-fallacy-examples/types-of-punishments-that-comes-with-the.php male has Birth And Control The Influence Of Birth the same mother, the greater the probability he will have a homosexual orientation. Ray Blanchard and Anthony Bogaert first identified the association in the Birth And Control The Influence Of Birth and named it the fraternal birth order effect. Scientists have attributed the effect to a prenatal biological mechanism, since the association is only present in men with older biological brothers, and not present among men with older step-brothers and adoptive brothers.

The mechanism is thought to be a maternal immune response to male fetuses, whereby antibodies neutralize male Y-proteins thought to play a role in sexual differentiation during development. This would leave some regions of the brain associated with sexual orientation in the 'female typical' arrangement — or attracted to men. Biochemical evidence for this hypothesis was identified infinding mothers with a gay son, particularly those with older brothers, had heightened levels of antibodies to the NLGN4Y Y-protein than mothers with heterosexual sons.

It has generally been thought that this maternal response more info not apply to first born gay sons and that they may owe their orientation to genes Influecne, prenatal hormones and other maternal immune responses which also influence brain development. The few studies which have not observed a correlation between gay men and birth order have generally been criticized for Conttol errors and Influencw methods. Michael Bailey has said that no plausible hypothesis other than a maternal immune response has been identified. The fraternal birth order effect has been described by one of its proponents as "the most consistent biodemographic correlate of sexual orientation in men".

Research over the years has established several facts. First, homosexual men do tend to have a higher birth order than heterosexual men, and this higher birth order is attributed to homosexual men having greater number of older brothers.

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Secondly, the fraternal birth order effect operates through a biological mechanism during prenatal life, not during childhood or adolescence. Thirdly, the fraternal birth order effect has been demonstrated in diverse samples such as homosexual males from different ethnicities, [31] different cultures, [32] different historical eras, [10] [33] and widely separated geographic regions. In a study, researchers found an association between a maternal immune response to neuroligin 4 Y-linked protein NLGN4Y and subsequent sexual orientation in their sons. NLGN4Y is important in male brain development; the maternal immune reaction to it, in the form of anti-NLGN4Y antibodiesis thought to alter the brain structures underlying sexual orientation in the male fetus.

The result also indicates that mothers of gay Bigth, particularly those with older brothers, had significantly higher anti-NLGN4Y levels than did the control samples of women, including mothers of heterosexual sons.

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The fraternal birth Birth And Control The Influence Of Birth effect is a phenomenon that can be described in one of two ways: [40] Older brothers click at this page the odds of homosexuality in later-born males or, alternatively, homosexual men tend to have more older brothers than do heterosexual men. After statistically controlling for number of older brothers, homosexual and heterosexual males do not differ in their mean number of older sisters, younger sisters or younger brothers. In a few studies, homosexual subjects have occasionally displayed both a larger number of older brothers and a larger number of older sisters in comparison to heterosexual men. This is because a person's number of older brothers and number of older sisters tend to be positively correlated. Indeed, two samples from the high fertility Samoan population displayed simultaneous fraternal and 'sororal' birth order effects.

However, direct comparison of the magnitudes of these two effects showed that the fraternal birth order effect took precedence in the studies. The fraternal birth order effect is independent of potential confounding factors such as age, year of birth, and socioeconomic status. The relation between number of older brothers and male homosexuality is not an artifact of higher maternal or paternal age at the time of the proband's birth. The relation between number of older brothers and male homosexuality is also not an artifact of birth interval.

Blanchard and Bogaert conducted a study to investigate whether homosexual men are, on average, born a shorter time after their next-older siblings than are heterosexual men. They found that mean birth intervals preceding heterosexual and homosexual males were virtually identical. No type of sibling i. Estimates of the proportion of homosexual men who owe their sexual orientation to the fraternal birth order effect have ranged from Both direct and indirect evidence have demonstrated that the mechanism by which the fraternal birth order effect operates is prenatal in timing and biological in nature, rather than postnatal in timing or psychosocial in nature.

Indirect evidence was found first when it was discovered that the fraternal birth order effect interacts with birth weight. Then, Bogaert produced direct evidence that the fraternal birth order mechanism is prenatal. Subsequent research related to handedness has further reinforced these findings.]