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Either your web browser doesn't support Javascript or it is currently turned off. In the latter case, please turn on Javascript support in your web browser and reload this page. The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The current public health emergency has required rapid implementation of increased handwashing in the general public; however, rapidly changing health behavior, especially on this scale, is difficult.
This study considers attitudes and affective responses to handwashing as possible factors predicting COVID related changes to handwashing behavior, future intentions, and readiness to change during the early stages of the pandemic in the United States. Income was Age Education And Income Correlation Attitudes Towards as a potential moderator to these relationships. To explore these issues, data from community participants were analyzed. Results indicate that stronger affective responses toward handwashing relate to increases in handwashing since the outbreak of COVID, and both attitudes and affect uniquely predict handwashing intentions.
Income significantly moderated the relationship between affect and readiness to change. Those with low income were more influenced by both affective responses and attitudes. These results suggest messages targeting both cognitions and affective responses are needed to increase the handwashing behavior during a global pandemic and these variables are critical in increasing readiness to change in low-income individuals.
Due to the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it was critical that Americans quickly implemented health behaviors such as social distancing and frequent handwashing. This implementation is, perhaps, easier said than done, as rapid implementation of behavior change is notoriously difficult to achieve in many health domains.
With the backdrop of a global pandemic, it was unclear how Americans would response to this need for behavior change, or what factors may be influential. Handwashing was not only among the here behaviors recommended to the public, remaining visible to the public throughout the course of the pandemic, but it is also central to the prevention of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 West et al.
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As such, it is logical to explore it as a target behavior. The present study builds on emerging literature Williams et al. Further, as disparities have been seen in the potential risk to those who have lower incomes Koma et al. Factors related to behavioral intentions and change have been widely explored, however the rapidity of the change due to the pandemic in the United States is unprecedented, and it is unclear what factors will be most influential on behavior and intentions. Cognitive variables, such as attitudes, have long been established as consistent predictors of behavioral intentions in models such as the Theory of Planned Behavior Ajzen,and attitudes have previously been found to significantly predict prevention-related behavioral intentions related to the Ebola epidemic Gamma et al.
Determining behavioral intentions, however, may give an incomplete picture of actual behavior. Readiness to make behavioral changes may help to fill this gap, as it has also been found to be uniquely predictive of the actual behavior in other domains Biller et al.
The Age Education And Income Correlation Attitudes Towards study seeks to confirm that attitudes this web page to predict behavior, intentions, and readiness to change during a rapidly moving pandemic with diverse and intense health-related messaging and personal relevance.
Alongside attitudes, affective responses to health behaviors have recently been acknowledged as important predictors of health behaviors Schuettler Educagion Kiviniemi, ; Rhodes et al. For example, the Behavioral Affective Association Model BAAM; Kiviniemi and Klasko-Foster, contends that affective associations with health behavior are a critical and often underappreciated determinant of action. The BAAM identifies cognitive variables e. In line with such models, studies indicate that affective variables can be separate predictors of health actions and intentions from cognitive variables, such as attitudes Lowe et al. For example, using simultaneous regression analyses, Lawton et al. Similarly, Murray here al. Interestingly, in these studies, the affect variables were generally a stronger predictor of health intentions and behavior than the cognitive variables.
It now appears that behavior change interventions can be optimized if they specifically target changing emotions as well as attitudes for a review, see Williams et al. Based on this emerging database, it is Towsrds in the present study that affective responses to handwashing will be distinctly predictive of behavior and intentions.
While there is little evidence to date on the impact of affective responses on the stages of Ae, affect is inherently tied to the processes of change e. While attitudes and affect are expected to drive handwashing behavior, intentions, and readiness to change, it is possible that the influence of these predictors varies with important social factors. One possibility, explored here, is that income moderates these effects. It is well documented that income and factors related to income are determinants of health USDDS, Those living in low-income areas have been found to be less likely to follow stay home directives Chiou and Age Education And Income Correlation Attitudes Towards,perhaps due to the lack of time off, job requirements, or being unable to forego Age Education And Income Correlation Attitudes Towards. Furthermore, income plays a particularly strong role in perceptions of information about healthy behaviors in the United States: Those with high income are more positive about their health and health care than those with low income Hero et al.]
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