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In art history , literature and cultural studies , Orientalism is the imitation or depiction of aspects in the Eastern world. These depictions are usually done by writers, designers, and artists from the West. In particular, Orientalist painting , depicting more specifically "the Middle East ", [1] was one of the many specialisms of 19th-century academic art , and the literature of Western countries took a similar interest in Oriental themes. Since the publication of Edward Said 's Orientalism in , much academic discourse has begun to use the term "Orientalism" to refer to a general patronizing Western attitude towards Middle Eastern, Asian, and North African societies. In Said's analysis, the West essentializes these societies as static and undeveloped—thereby fabricating a view of Oriental culture that can be studied, depicted, and reproduced in the service of imperial power. Implicit in this fabrication, writes Said, is the idea that Western society is developed, rational, flexible, and superior. Orientalism refers to the Orient , in reference and opposition to the Occident ; the East and the West, respectively. South Asian Popular Culture A Cultural Phenomenon

The Western worldalso known as the Westrefers to various regions Phenomehon, nations and statesdepending on the context, most often consisting of the majority of Europe[a] Northern America and Australasia. It might mean here Northern half of the North—South divide.

Ancient Greece [c] and Ancient Rome [d] are generally considered to be the birthplaces of Western civilization—Greece having heavily influenced Rome—the former due to its impact on philosophydemocracyscienceaestheticsas well as building designs and proportions and architecture ; the latter due to its influence on artlawwarfaregovernancerepublicanismengineering and religion. Western civilization is also strongly associated with Christianity [9] and to a lesser extent, with Judaismwhich is in turn shaped by Hellenistic philosophy and Roman culture.

The concept of the Western part of the earth has its roots 1302 Hist the theological, methodological and emphatical division between the Western Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. By the mid- 20th centuryWestern culture was exported worldwide through the emergent mass media : film, radio, television and recorded music; and the development and growth of international transport and telecommunication such as transatlantic cable and the radiotelephone played a decisive role in modern globalization. In modern usage, UClture world sometimes [14] refers to Europe and to areas whose populations have had a large presence of particular European ethnic groups since the 15th century Age of Discovery.

Western culture was influenced by many older civilizations of the ancient Near Https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/writing-practice-test-online/the-problem-of-medical-ethics.php[18] such as PhoeniciaAncient Israel[19] [20] [10] Minoan CreteSumerBabyloniaand also Ancient Egypt.

It originated in the Mediterranean basin and its vicinity; Ancient Greece and Rome are often cited as its birthplaces. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and west to include the rest of Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal areas, conquering and absorbing. Christianization of Ireland 5th centuryChristianization of Bulgaria 9th centuryChristianization South Asian Popular Culture A Cultural Phenomenon Kievan Rus' RussiaUkraineBelarus ; 10th centuryChristianization of Scandinavia DenmarkNorwaySweden ; 12th century and Christianization of Lithuania 14th century brought the rest of present-day European territory into Western civilization.

Historians, such as Carroll Quigley in "The Evolution of Civilizations"[21] contend that Western civilization was born around ADafter the total collapse of the Western Roman Empireleaving a vacuum for new ideas to flourish that were impossible in Classical societies. In either view, between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Renaissance, the West or those regions that would later become the heartland of the culturally "western sphere" experienced a period of first, considerable decline, [22] and then readaptation, reorientation and considerable renewed material, technological and political development.

This whole period of roughly a millennium is known as the Middle Agesits early part forming the " Dark Ages ", designations that were created during the Renaissance and reflect the perspective on history, and the self-image, of the latter period. The knowledge of the ancient Western world exam INTERNATIONAL business partly preserved during this period due to the survival of the Eastern Roman Empire and the introduction of the Catholic Church ; it was also greatly expanded by the Arab importation [23] [24] of both the Ancient Greco-Roman and new technology through the Arabs from India and China to Europe.

Since the Renaissance, the West evolved beyond the influence of the ancient Greeks and Romans and the Islamic world, due to the successful Second AgriculturalCommercialSouth Asian Popular Culture A Cultural Phenomenon Scientific[28] and Industrial [29] revolutions propellers of modern banking concepts. The West rose further with the 18th century's Age of Enlightenment and through the Age of Exploration 's expansion of peoples of Western and Central European empires, particularly the globe-spanning colonial empires of 18th and 19th centuries.

There is debate among some as to whether Latin America as a whole is in a category of its own. The term "Western culture" is used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social normsethical valuestraditional customsreligious beliefs, political systemsand specific artifacts and technologies.

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The concept of Western culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic, and philosophical principles that set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon. The term has come to apply to countries whose history is strongly marked by European immigration or settlement, such as the Americas, and Oceaniaand is not restricted to Europe.

Some tendencies that define modern Western societies are the existence of political pluralismsecularismgeneralization of middle classprominent subcultures or countercultures such as New Age movementsincreasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and human migration. The modern shape of these societies is strongly based upon the Industrial Revolution and the societies' associated social and environmental problems, such as class and pollutionas well as reactions to them, such as syndicalism and environmentalism.

The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the ancient tyrannical and imperialistic Graeco-Roman times. Roman Catholic Western and Central Europe, as such, maintained a distinct identity particularly as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance.

Even following the Protestant ReformationProtestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of Culgure perceived civilized world. Use of the term West Culttural a specific cultural and geopolitical term developed over the course of the Age of Exploration as Europe Phehomenon its culture to The Customs of Hashanah parts of the world.

Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New Worldas settlers in the colonies of Spain and Portugal and later, France belonged to that faith. English and Dutch colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Ancient Greek civilization had been growing in the first millennium BC into wealthy poleisso-called city-states geographically loose political South Asian Popular Culture A Cultural Phenomenon which in time, inevitably end giving way to larger organisations of society, including the empire and the nation-state [34] such as AthensSpartaThebesand Corinthby Middle and Near Eastern ones Sumerian cities such as Uruk and Ur ; Ancient Egyptian city-states, such as Thebes and Memphis ; the Phoenician Tyre and Sidon ; the five Philistine city-states; the Berber city-states of the Garamantes.

The then Hellenic division between the South Asian Popular Culture A Cultural Phenomenon term used by Ancient Greeks for all non-Greek-speaking people and the Greeks contrasted in many societies the Greek-speaking culture of the Greek settlements around the Mediterranean to the surrounding non-Greek cultures. Herodotus considered the Persian Wars of the early 5th century BC a conflict of Europa versus Asia which he considered all land north and east of the Sea of Marmararespectively.

The terms "West" and "East" were not used by any Greek author to describe that conflict. The anachronistic application of those terms to that division entails a stark logical contradiction, given that the term "West" has been used to distinguish Latin-speaking peoples from their Greek-speaking neighbors.

Greek culture is said to have influenced Roman civilization in all aspects of society, from architecture to philosophyart and war.]