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Charlemagne 2 April — 28 January is also known as Charles the Great or Charles I , was king of the Franks from , the king of the Lombards from , Emperor of the Carolingian dynasty, and the Emperor of the Romans from until his death. Charlemagne is part of the Carolingian dynasty and is sometimes considered the founding father of both France and Germany. Some historians consider him the father of Europe. He was the first ruler of an empire in Western Europe since the collapse of the Roman Empire with its capital in Rome. Administering such a huge country was difficult. The division into lands and counties, which was still functioning under the Merovingians, was maintained, but next to it counties were introduced as smaller units of territorial administration, which were subordinated to officials appointed and dismissed by the ruler. In the borderlands of the monarchy, marches were organized, led by margraves with broad military powers. These marches Danish, Friulska , Spanish, Breton, Pannonian were a military barrier blocking pagan peoples and Muslims from entering the lands of the Carolingian state. His military successes made Charles the most powerful ruler of Western Europe. The empire he built, inhabited by the Romanesque and Germanic people, economically and socially diverse, was in practice a patchwork of many conquered tribes and lands in which neither the sense of separateness nor the longing for independence died out. Charlemagne The Greatest Carolingian King And Charles

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The first of three medieval renaissances; was a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire occurring from the late-8th century to the 9th century. Well-educated, scholarly people; intellectuals who are interested in written works. As emperor, Charlemagne stood out for his many reforms—monetary, governmental, military, cultural, and ecclesiastical. It was a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire occurring from the late-8th century to the 9th century, taking inspiration from the Christian Roman Empire of the 4th century. During this period there was an expansion of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies. The era ushered in by his reign, the Carolingian Renaissance, was so called because of the flowering of scholarship, literature, art, and architecture that characterized it. Most of the presently surviving works of classical Latin were copied and preserved by Carolingian scholars.

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Was Charlemagne French or German?

Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity and left behind an impressive legacy of military strength and artistic patronage. Charlemagne saw himself as the new Constantine and instigated this revival by writing his Admonitio generalis and Epistola de litteris colendis c. In the Admonitio generalis, Charlemagne legislates church reform, which he believes will make his subjects more moral and in the Epistola de litteris colendis, a letter to Abbot Baugulf of Fulda, he outlines his intentions for cultural reform. Most importantly, he invited the greatest scholars from all over Europe to come to court and give advice for his renewal of politics, church, art and literature. Carolingian art survives in manuscripts, sculpture, architecture and other religious artifacts produced during the period These artists worked exclusively for the emperor, members of his court, and the bishops and abbots associated with the court.

Geographically, the revival extended through present-day France, Switzerland, Germany and Austria. Charlemagne commissioned the architect Odo of Metz to construct a palace and chapel in Aachen, Germany. The chapel was consecrated in and is known as the Palatine Chapel.

The Palatine Chapel is octagonal with a dome, recalling the shape of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy completed inbut was built with barrel and groin vaults, which are distinctively late Roman methods of construction. The chapel is perhaps the best surviving example of Carolingian architecture and probably influenced the design of later European Greatewt chapels. Charlemagne had his own scriptorium, or center for copying and illuminating manuscripts, at Aachen. Under the direction of Alcuin of York, this scriptorium produced a new script known as Carolingian miniscule. Prior to this development, writing styles or scripts in Europe were localized and difficult to read. A Charleemagne written in one part of Europe could not be easily read in another, even when the scribe and reader were both fluent in Latin. Carolingian Charlemagne The Greatest Carolingian King And Charles was the most widely used script in Europe for about years.

Figurative art from this period is easy to recognize.

Carolingian art

Unlike the flat, two-dimensional work of Charlenagne Christian and Early Byzantine artists, Carolingian artists sought to restore the third dimension. They used classical drawings as their models and tried to create more convincing illusions of space. This development is evident in tracing author portraits in illuminated manuscripts. The Godescalc Gospel Lectionary, commisioned by Charlemagne Carolibgian his wife Hildegard, was made circa during his reign as King of the Franks and before the beginning of the Carolingian Renaissance. In the portrait of St. Mark, Charlemagne The Greatest Carolingian King And Charles artist employs typical Early Byzantine artistic conventions.

The face is heavily modeled in brown, the drapery folds fall in stylized patterns and there is little or no shading. The seated position of the evangelist would be difficult to reproduce in real life, as there are spatial inconsistencies. The left leg is shown in profile and the other leg is show straight on. This author portrait is typical of its time.

Economic Reform

The Ebbo Gospels were made c. The author portrait of St. Mark is characteristic of Carolingian art and the Carolingian Renaissance. The footstool sits at an awkward unrealistic angle, but there are numerous attempts by the artist to show the body as a three-dimensional object in space. The right leg is tucked under the chair and the artist tries to show his viewer, through the use of curved lines and shading, that the leg has form. There is shading and consistency of perspective. The evangelist sitting on the chair strikes a believable pose. Charlemagne, like Constantine before him, left behind an almost mythic legacy.

The Carolingian Renaissance marked the last great effort Charlemagne The Greatest Carolingian King And Charles revive Th culture before the Late Middle Ages. In early tenth century, the Ottonians rose to power and espoused different artistic ideals. The Palatine Chapel at Aachen is the most well-known and best-preserved Carolingian building.]