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Foreign policy analysis allows us to better understand how political actors make policy decisions and how they relate to other foreign government and non-government entities. Foreign policy is a complex discipline wherein numerous actors work within structures both inside and outside the state to have an impact on the decision-making process. It is useful to have analytical process models to illuminate the dynamics in this field and help explain how states conduct their foreign policy, international relations and diplomatic endeavors. There are five main models in foreign policy analysis that will be explored in this article: the rational actor model, the bureaucratic politics model and the organizational process model—all three of which were developed by foreign policy analyst and scholar, Graham Allison, and outlined in his book, The Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis—as well as the inter-branch politics model and the political process model. In order for an international relations professional to effectively analyze foreign policy as a whole, it is necessary to determine the relative strengths and weaknesses of each model therein and understand the ways in which each approach has the potential to remedy the inadequacies of the others. The most widely cited foreign policy analysis approach is the rational actor model. This approach assumes that the main actor in foreign policy is a rational individual who can be relied on to make informed, calculated decisions that maximize value and perceived benefits to the state. Is The Rational Actor Model

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The information theoretic principle of rational adaptation predicts that individuals with aphasia adapt to their language impairments by relying more heavily on comparatively unimpaired non-linguistic knowledge to communicate. This prediction was examined by assessing the extent to which adults with chronic aphasia due to left-hemisphere stroke rely more on conceptual rather than lexical information during verb retrieval, Rtaional compared to age-matched neurotypical controls.

A primed verb naming task examined the degree of facilitation each participant group received from either conceptual event-related or lexical collocate cues, compared to unrelated baseline cues. The results provide evidence that adults with aphasia received amplified facilitation from conceptual Aftor compared to controls, whereas healthy controls received greater facilitation from lexical cues.

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This indicates that adaptation to alternative and relatively unimpaired information may facilitate successful word retrieval in aphasia. Implications for models of rational adaptation and clinical neurorehabilitation are discussed. The language-processing system has often been viewed as relatively static and Rarional, particularly by sentence comprehension models e. However, recent evidence indicates that successful language processing, including sentence comprehension, is accomplished by an adaptive system Ellis and Larsen-Freeman, for review; Gibson et al.

There is growing evidence that the language system flexibly takes advantage of a wide array of sources of information to guide performance.

These may include linguistic representations grammatical categories, thematic roles, and lexical co-occurrence probabilitiescontextual constraints, and knowledge of the relationships between words and real-world events e. According this web page information theory, reliance on these information sources is governed by the principle of rational adaptation Anderson, ; Howes et al. Language performance in individuals with aphasia provides a unique way to evaluate hypotheses regarding the adaptive use https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/media-request-css/chinua-achebe-in-his-novel-things-fall.php information sources during language processing.

People with aphasia have impairments in accessing and using linguistic information, but their stored conceptual-semantic knowledge is usually less impaired. The assumption that people with aphasia therefore rely more heavily on conceptual-semantic information undergirds both classic accounts of aphasic sentence processing Caramazza and Is The Rational Actor Model, ; Goodglass, and efficacious speech-language treatments e. However, it remains unclear whether individuals with aphasia show evidence of rational adaptation during production tasks. The current study looks for evidence of rational adaptation during verb retrieval by people with aphasia.

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In doing so, it is one of few to investigate aphasic rational adaptation in reliance on stored representations of linguistic versus conceptual knowledge see also Caramazza Modell Zurif,rather than in reliance on bottom-up linguistic input e. The rational adaptation principle is key to the noisy channel, or rational inference, https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/media-request-css/critical-reflection-practice.php of sentence comprehension.

According to this account, comprehenders perceive a sentence and immediately compute the probabilities associated with its possible intended messages. Their estimations of these probabilities adapt quickly to changes in the amount of noise or the reliability of cues in the context Gibson et al. Gibson et al.

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Similarly, increasing the proportion of implausible sentences in the experiment led participants to rely less on meaning to guide sentence interpretation. They tested the hypothesis that during language comprehension, people with aphasia should rely more heavily on conceptual knowledge than healthy adults, because their linguistic impairments are more likely to introduce noise into their representations of the bottom-up linguistic input. In Is The Rational Actor Model study, like the one, sentence plausibility was crossed link sentence structure in such a way as to create implausible sentences that differed from plausible sentences by a small edit, and vice versa.

For example, the implausible sentence The mother gave the candle the daughter is a single dropped to from the plausible sentence The mother gave the candle to the daughter.

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Greater reliance on conceptual knowledge would be shown by a stronger tendency to interpret implausible sentences like The mother gave the candle the daughter as if they were plausible near neighbors like The mother gave the candle to the daughter. This is because plausibility is conceptually driven. Gibson and colleagues showed that, like controls, people with aphasia were sensitive to the likelihood that a particular sentence structure would be distorted into its near neighbor for example, they were more likely to stick with the literal interpretation of sentences with structures that were higher frequency or required an insertion rather than a deletion to become a plausible near neighbor.

But across multiple types of sentences, people with aphasia were more likely than controls to interpret implausible sentences as their plausible near neighbors. That is, participants with aphasia showed a stronger influence of plausibility on their sentence Is The Rational Actor Model than control participants did.]