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SOCRATES AND PLATO (Understanding the Self)

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Pre-Socratic philosophy is ancient Greek philosophy before Socrates and schools contemporary to Socrates that were not influenced by him. Thalesone of the Seven Sages of Greeceis considered the first philosopher. The inquiries of these early philosophers spanned the workings Sumilarities the natural world as well as human society, ethics, and religion, seeking explanations based on natural principles rather than the actions of gods.

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They introduced to the West the notion of the world as a kosmosan ordered arrangement that could be understood via rational inquiry. Pre-Socratic is a term formulated in the 19th century for this group of philosophers. In earlier literature they were referred to as physiologoi or physikoi "physicists", after physis" nature "with this usage arising with Aristotle to differentiate them from theologoi theologians and mythologoi storytellers and bards who conveyed Greek mythology who attributed natural phenomena to the gods.

It is chronologically inaccurate, as the last of the see more were contemporaries of Socrates.

While the term was intended to mark a contrast between Socrateswho was interested in moral problems, and his predecessors, who were viewed to be primarily concerned with cosmological and The Similarities Between Socrates And Moore problems; this is inaccurate because several of the pre-Socratics were highly interested in ethics and how to live the best life. Further, the term implies that the pre-Socratics are somehow inferior to Socrates, and that philosophy only becomes interesting in the Classical period of Plato and Aristotle. Only fragments of the original writings of the pre-Socratics survive. Many of these are titled Peri Physeosor On Naturea title probably attributed later by other authors. Pre-Socratic philosophy arose from the Ionian Enlightenmentwhich was a set of advances in scientific thought, explanations on nature, and inquiring into the natural and rational causes behind observable phenomena, that took place in Ionia archaic eastern Greece beginning in the 6th century BC.

According to C. Stephen EvansIonian towns, especially Miletus, had close trade relations with Egypt and Mesopotamia, cultures with observations about the natural world that differed from those of the Greeks, which prompted early Greek thinkers to view them as natural phenomena.

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Another factor was that these Greek towns were not ruled by autocrats or priests, allowing citizens to freely question a wide range of issues. Edouard Zeller was also important in dividing thought before and after Socrates. The pre-Socratic philosophers rejected traditional mythological explanations of the phenomena they saw around them in favor of more rational explanations.

Their efforts were directed to the investigation of the ultimate basis and essential nature of the external world. The pre-Socratics saw the world as a kosmosan ordered arrangement that could be understood via rational inquiry. These philosophers asked questions about "the essence of things": [15].

Others concentrated on defining problems and paradoxes that became the basis for later mathematical, scientific, and philosophic study.]