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Eysenck's Theory of Personality - Theories of Personality (Type-Trait Approach) - Vidya Venue

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In psychologytrait theory also called dispositional theory is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traitswhich can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thoughtand emotion.

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Traits are in contrast to stateswhich are more transitory dispositions. In Egsenck theories and systems, traits are something a person either has or does not have, but in many others traits are dimensions such as extraversion vs. There are two approaches to define traits: as internal causal properties or as purely descriptive summaries. The internal causal definition states that traits influence our behaviours, leading us to do things in line with that trait.

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On the other hand, traits as descriptive summaries are descriptions of our actions that don't try to infer causality. Gordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits. This early work was viewed as the beginning of the modern psychological study of personality. By contrast, "central" traits such as honesty are characteristics found in some degree in every person - and finally "secondary" traits are those seen only in certain circumstances such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may knowwhich are included to provide a complete picture of human complexity. Currently, two general approaches are the most popular: [ citation needed ].

Cultures are widely known and accepted as being different in varying degrees. This can Eysenck s Theory And The 5 Factor the study of personality difficult as meaning and the expression of traits may be different within cultural groups. Trait theory uses a hierarchy of traits in order to separate culture from the traits; it can be said the culture is ignored in order to focus on the individual traits and how they are connected to the individual.

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Trait theory tends article source focus on the individual over the situation in which they are in. As the focus becomes more relaxed but still prominent as it is a main part of the theory research expands. The factors are intended to be orthogonal uncorrelated[11] though Eysenck s Theory And The 5 Factor are often small positive correlations between factors. The five factor model in particular has been criticized for losing the orthogonal structure between factors.

Whatever the causes, psychoticism marks the two approaches apart, as the five factor model contains no such trait. Moreover, psychoticism, unlike any of the other factors in either approach, does not fit a normal distribution curve. Indeed, scores are rarely high, thus skewing a normal distribution. Similarly, high scorers on neuroticism are more susceptible to sleep and psychosomatic disorders. There are two higher-order factors that both taxonomies clearly share: extraversion and neuroticism. Both approaches broadly accept that extraversion is associated with sociability and positive affectwhereas neuroticism is associated with emotional instability and negative affect. Many lower-order factors, or facetsare similar between the two taxonomies. However, there are differences too. First, the three-factor approach contains nine lower-order factors and the five-factor approach has six.

Eysenck's psychoticism factor incorporates some of the polar opposites of the lower order factors of openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness. A high scorer on tough-mindedness in psychoticism would score low on tender-mindedness in agreeableness.

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Most of the differences between the taxonomies stem from the three factor model's emphasis on fewer high-order factors. Although both major trait models are descriptive, only the three-factor more info offers a detailed causal explanation. Eysenck suggests that different personality traits are caused by the properties of the brainwhich themselves are the result of genetic factors.

Eysenck Factro that extraverts have low levels of cortical arousal and introverts have high levels, leading extraverts to seek out more stimulation from socializing and being venturesome. In a similar vein, the three-factor approach theorizes Eysenck s Theory And The 5 Factor neuroticism is mediated by levels of arousal in the limbic system and that individual differences arise because of variable activation thresholds between people.

Therefore, highly neurotic people when presented with minor stressors, will exceed this threshold, whereas people low in neuroticism will not exceed normal activation levels, even when presented with large stressors.]