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Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, femininity and masculinity.

Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sexsex-based social structures i. Some societies have specific genders besides "man" and "woman", such as the hijras of South Asia ; these are often referred to as third genders and fourth gendersetc.

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Sexologist John Money introduced the terminological distinction between biological sex and gender as a role in Before his work, it was uncommon to use the word gender to refer to anything but grammatical categories. Today, the distinction is followed in some contexts, especially the social sciences [5] [6] and documents written by the World Health Organization WHO. In other contexts, including some areas of the social sciences, gender includes sex or replaces it.

The social sciences have a branch devoted to gender studies. Other OOf, such as sexology and neuroscienceare also interested in the subject. The social sciences sometimes approach gender as a social constructand gender studies particularly do, while research in the natural sciences investigates whether biological differences in females and males influence the development of gender in humans; both inform debate about how far biological differences influence the formation of gender identity.

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In some English literature, there is also a trichotomy between biological sex, psychological gender, and social gender role. This framework first appeared in a feminist paper on transsexualism in This, in turn, came from Latin genus. Both words mean "kind", "type", or "sort". They derive ultimately from a widely attested Proto-Indo-European PIE root g e n-[10] [11] which is also the source of kinkindkingand many other English words.

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The Oxford Etymological Dictionary of the English Language of defined gender as kind, breed, sexderived from Phhrase Latin ablative case of genuslike genere natuswhich refers to birth. The concept of gender, in the modern sense, is a recent invention in human history. By the end of this period, uses of "gender" outnumbered uses of "sex" in the social sciences, arts, and humanities.

In the last two decades of the 20th century, the use of gender in academia has increased greatly, outnumbering uses of sex in the social sciences.

While the spread of the word in science publications can be attributed to the influence of feminism, its use as a synonym for sex is attributed to the failure to grasp the distinction made in feminist theory, and the distinction has sometimes become blurred with the theory itself; David Haig stated, "Among the reasons that working scientists have given me for choosing gender rather than sex in biological contexts are desires to signal sympathy with feminist goals, to use a more academic term, or to OOf the connotation of copulation.

In legal cases alleging discriminationsex is usually preferred as the determining factor rather than gender as it refers to biology rather than socially constructed norms which are more open to interpretation and dispute. Alabama ex rel.

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The word 'gender' has acquired the new and useful connotation of cultural or attitudinal characteristics as opposed to physical characteristics distinctive to the sexes. That is to say, gender is to sex as feminine is to female and Scientizt is to male. The word was still widely used, however, in the specific sense of grammatical gender the assignment of nouns more info categories such as masculinefeminine and neuter. According to Aristotlethis concept was introduced by the Greek philosopher Protagoras. InHenry Watson Fowler stated that the definition of the word pertained to this grammar-related meaning:.

To talk of persons]