Ethical And Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing
Np Essay Sample
Electroencephalography EEG is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain. It is typically noninvasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalpalthough invasive electrodes are sometimes used, as in electrocorticographysometimes called intracranial EEG. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting Scienntific ionic current within the neurons of the brain.
The former investigates potential fluctuations time locked to an event, such as 'stimulus onset' or 'button press'. The latter analyses the type of neural oscillations popularly called "brain waves" that can be observed in EEG signals in the frequency domain.
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EEG used to be a first-line method of diagnosis for tumorsstroke and other focal brain disorders, [3] [4] but this use has decreased with the advent of high-resolution anatomical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging MRI and computed tomography CT. Despite limited spatial resolution, EEG continues to be a valuable tool for research and diagnosis. Derivatives of the EEG technique include evoked potentials EPwhich involves averaging the EEG activity time-locked to the presentation of a stimulus of some sort visual, somatosensoryor auditory.
Event-related potentials ERPs refer to averaged EEG responses that are time-locked to more complex processing of stimuli; this technique Animl used in cognitive sciencecognitive psychologyand psychophysiological research. InRichard Caton —a physician practicing in Liverpoolpresented his findings about electrical phenomena of the exposed cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys in the British Medical Journal.
Cosmetic Animal Testing
InPolish physiologist Adolf Beck published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included Conssiderations oscillations altered by light. Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals. Beck placed electrodes directly on the surface of the brain to test for sensory stimulation.
His observation of fluctuating brain activity led to the conclusion of brain waves. Matthews in and developed by them. InFisher and Lowenbach first demonstrated epileptiform spikes.]
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