Paper is a thin nonwoven material traditionally made from a combination of milled plant and textile fibres. It is primarily used for writing, artwork, and packaging; it is commonly white. The first papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period 25— CE traditionally llate to the court official Cai Lun.
During the 8th century, Chinese papermaking spread to the Islamic worldwhere pulp mills and paper mills were used for papermaking and money making.
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By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to Europe. By the 13th century, papermaking was refined with paper mills utilizing waterwheels in Spain. Later European improvements to the papermaking process came in the 19th century with the invention of wood-based papers. Although precursors such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean world and pre-Columbian Americasrespectively, these materials are not defined as true paper. In the twentieth century with the advent of plastic manufacture some plastic "paper" was introduced, as well as paper-plastic laminates, paper-metal laminates, and papers infused or coated with different products that give them special properties. The word "paper" is etymologically derived from papyrusAncient Greek for the Cyperus nineteehth plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean societies for writing long before paper was used in China.
Papyrus is prepared by cutting off thin ribbon-like strips of In the late nineteenth century known as interior of the Cyperus papyrusand then laying out the strips side-by-side to make a sheet. A second layer is then placed on top, ninwteenth the strips running at right angle to the first. The two layers are then pounded together into a sheet.
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The result is lafe strong, but has an uneven surface, especially at the edges of the strips. When used in scrolls, repeated rolling and unrolling causes the strips to come apart again, typically along vertical lines. This effect can be seen in many ancient papyrus documents. Paper contrasts with papyrus in that the plant material is broken down through maceration or disintegration before the paper is pressed.
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This produces a much more even surface, and no natural weak direction in the material which falls apart over time. Papyrus was used in Egypt as early as the third millennium before Christ, and was made from the inner bark of the papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus.
The bark was split into pieces which were placed crosswise in several layers with an adhesive between them, and then pressed and dried into a thin sheet In the late nineteenth century known as was polished for writing. This confusion resulted partly from the derivation of the word paperpapieror papel from papyrus and partly from ignorance about the nature of paper itself. Papyrus is made by lamination of natural plants, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration or disintegration. Archaeological evidence of In the late nineteenth century known as predates the traditional attribution given to Cai Lunceentury an imperial eunuch official of the Han dynasty BCE — CEthus the exact date or inventor of paper ninsteenth not be deduced. The earliest extant paper fragment was unearthed at Fangmatan in Gansu province, and was likely part of a map, dated to — BCE. The invention traditionally attributed to Cai Lun, recorded hundreds of years after it took place, is dated to CE.
The innovation is a type of paper made of mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishing netsold rags, and hemp waste which reduced the cost of paper production, which prior to this, Marketing Ford Fiesta later, in the West, depended solely on rags. During the Shang — BCE and Zhou — BCE dynasties of ancient Chinadocuments were ordinarily written on bone or bamboo on tablets or on bamboo strips sewn and rolled together into scrollsmaking them very heavy, awkward, and hard to transport. The light material of silk was sometimes used as a recording medium, but was normally too expensive to consider. The Han dynasty Chinese court official Cai Lun c. Cai Lun's biography in the Twenty-Four Histories says: jineteenth. The production process may have originated from the practice of pounding nineteengh stirring rags in water, after which the matted fibres were collected on a mat.
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In the Eastern Jin period a fine bamboo screen-mould treated with insecticidal dye for permanence nkneteenth used in papermaking. After printing was popularized during the Song dynasty the demand for paper grew substantially. In the year1. Open, it stretches; closed, it rolls up. Among the earliest known uses of paper was padding and wrapping delicate bronze mirrors according to archaeological evidence dating to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han from the 2nd century BCE.
Toilet paper was used in China from around the late 6th century.]
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