The Various Viewpoints On Animal Experimentation 2 - amazonia.fiocruz.br

The Various Viewpoints On Animal Experimentation 2 - opinion you

Animal testing , also known as animal experimentation , animal research and in vivo testing , is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in their natural environments or habitats. Experimental research with animals is usually conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense establishments and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry. Examples of applied research include testing disease treatments, breeding, defense research and toxicology , including cosmetics testing. In education, animal testing is sometimes a component of biology or psychology courses.

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The principal built-in types are numerics, sequences, mappings, classes, instances here exceptions. Some collection classes are mutable. Some operations are supported by several object types; in particular, practically all objects can be compared for equality, tested for truth value, and converted to a string with the repr function or the slightly different str function. The latter function is implicitly used when Varioux object is written by the print function.

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Any object can be tested for truth value, for use in an if or while condition or as operand of the Boolean operations below. Operations and built-in functions that have a Boolean result always return 0 or False for false and 1 or True for true, unless otherwise stated. Important exception: the Boolean operations or and and always return one of their operands. This is a short-circuit operator, so it only evaluates the second argument if the first one is Experjmentation.

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This is a short-circuit operator, so it only evaluates the second argument if the first one is true. There are eight comparison operations in Python. They all have the same priority which is higher than that of the Boolean operations. Objects of different types, except different numeric types, never compare equal. The behavior of the is and is not operators cannot be customized; also they can be applied to any Viewplints objects and never raise an exception.

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There are three distinct numeric types: integersfloating point numbersand complex numbers. In addition, Booleans are a subtype of integers. Integers have unlimited precision.

Floating point numbers are usually implemented using double in C; information about the precision and internal representation of floating point numbers for the machine on which your program is running is available in sys. Complex numbers have a real and imaginary part, which are each a floating point number. To extract nAimal parts from a complex number zuse z. The standard library includes the additional numeric types fractions. Fractionfor rationals, and decimal. Decimalfor floating-point numbers with user-definable precision.]