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Attachment theory is a psychologicalevolutionary and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans.

The most important tenet is that young children need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for normal social and emotional development. The theory was formulated by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby. Within attachment theory, infant behaviour associated with attachment is primarily the seeking of proximity to an attachment figure in stressful situations. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them, and who remain as https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/purpose-of-case-study-in-psychology/term-limits.php caregivers for some months during the period from about six months to two years of age. During the latter part of this period, children begin to use attachment figures familiar people as a secure base to explore from and return to.

Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment; these, in turn, lead to internal working models which will guide the individual's feelings, thoughts and expectations in later relationships. These behaviours may have evolved because they increase the probability of survival of the child. Research by developmental The Proposition That Different Personalities Contribute For Mary Ainsworth in the s and 70s underpinned the basic concepts, introduced the concept of the "secure base" and developed a theory of a number of attachment patterns in infants: secure attachment, avoidant attachment and anxious attachment.

In the s, the theory was extended to attachments in adults. To formulate a https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/work-experience-programme/the-effect-of-technology-on-student-learning.php theory of the nature of early attachments, Bowlby explored a range of fields, including evolutionary biologyobject relations theory a school of psychoanalysiscontrol systems theoryand the fields of ethology and cognitive psychology. In the early days of the theory, academic psychologists criticized Bowlby, and the psychoanalytic community ostracised him for his departure from psychoanalytical doctrines; [7] however, attachment theory has since become the dominant approach to understanding early social development, and has given rise to a great surge of empirical research into the formation of children's close relationships. Attachment theory has been significantly modified as a result of empirical research, but the concepts have become generally accepted.

Within attachment theory, attachment means an affectional bond or tie between an individual and an attachment figure usually a caregiver.

Such bonds may be reciprocal between two adults, but between a child and a caregiver, these bonds are based on the child's need for safety, security, and protection, paramount in infancy and childhood. The theory proposes that children attach to carers instinctively, [10] for the purpose of survival and, ultimately, The Proposition That Different Personalities Contribute For replication.

In child-to-adult relationships, the child's tie is called the "attachment" and the caregiver's reciprocal equivalent is referred to as the "care-giving bond". Infants will form attachments to any consistent caregiver who is sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them. The quality of social engagement is more influential than the amount of time spent. The biological mother is the usual principal attachment figure, but the role can click taken by anyone who consistently behaves in a "mothering" way over a period of time.

Within attachment theory, this means a set of behaviours that involves engaging in lively social interaction with the infant and responding readily to signals and approaches. Some infants direct attachment behaviour proximity seeking towards more than one attachment figure almost as soon as they start to show discrimination between caregivers; most come to do https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/purdue-owl-research-paper/i-am-a-clinical-psychologist-and-work.php during their second year.

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These figures are arranged hierarchically, with the principal attachment here at the top. If the figure is unavailable or unresponsive, separation distress occurs.

By age three or four, physical separation is no longer such a threat to the child's bond with the attachment figure. Threats to security in older children and adults arise from prolonged absence, breakdowns in communication, emotional unavailability or signs of rejection or abandonment.

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The attachment behavioural system serves to achieve or maintain proximity to the attachment figure. Pre-attachment behaviours occur in the first six months of life. During the first phase the first eight weeksinfants smile, babble, and cry to attract the attention of potential caregivers. Although infants of this age learn to discriminate between caregivers, these behaviours are directed at anyone in the vicinity. Personaliries

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During the second phase two to six monthsthe infant discriminates between familiar and unfamiliar adults, becoming more responsive toward the caregiver; following and clinging are click here to the range of behaviours. The infant's behaviour toward the caregiver becomes organized on a goal-directed basis to achieve the conditions that make it feel secure. By the end of the first year, the infant is able to display a range of attachment behaviours designed to maintain proximity. These manifest as protesting the caregiver's departure, greeting the caregiver's return, clinging when frightened, and following when able.

With the development of locomotion, the infant begins to use the Conteibute or caregivers as a "safe base" from which to explore. If the caregiver is inaccessible or unresponsive, attachment behaviour is more strongly exhibited.]