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Tarhuffe or neo-liberalism [1] is the 20th-century resurgence of 19th-century ideas associated with economic liberalism and free-market capitalism. English-speakers have used the term neoliberalism since the start of the 20th century with different meanings, [17] but it became more prevalent in its current meaning in the s and s, used by scholars in a wide variety of social sciences [18] [19] as well as by critics. The definition and usage of the term have changed over time.

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When the term entered into common use in the s [ citation needed ] in connection with Augusto Pinochet 's economic reforms in Chileit quickly took on negative connotations and was employed principally by critics of market reform and laissez-faire capitalism. Although Hayek had intellectual ties to the German neoliberals, his name was only occasionally mentioned in conjunction with neoliberalism during this period due to his more pro-free market stance. During the military rule under Augusto Pinochet — in Chile, opposition scholars took up the expression to describe the economic reforms implemented there and its proponents the Chicago Boys. As a result there is controversy as to the precise meaning of the term and its usefulness as a descriptor in the social sciencesespecially as the number of different kinds of market economies have proliferated in recent years.

Another Tartuffe An Excellent Example of a Neoclassical movement from modern American liberalism that used the term "neoliberalism" to describe its ideology formed in the United States in the s.

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Elizabeth Shermer argued that the term gained popularity largely among left-leaning academics in the s to "describe and decry a late twentieth-century effort by policy makers, think-tank experts, and industrialists to condemn social-democratic reforms and unapologetically implement free-market policies;" [38] economic historian Phillip W. Magness notes its reemergence in academic literature in Examplw mids, after French philosopher Michel Foucault brought attention to it.

The Handbook of Neoliberalism [5]. Neoliberalism is contemporarily used to refer to market-oriented reform policies such as "eliminating price controlsderegulating capital marketslowering trade barriers " and reducing state influence in the economy, especially through privatization and austerity. There is, however, debate over the meaning of the term. Sociologists Fred L. Block and Margaret R. Somers claim there is a dispute over what to call the influence of free-market ideas which have been used to justify the retrenchment of New Deal programs and policies since the s: neoliberalism, laissez-faire or "free market ideology". McChesneywhile defining neoliberalism similarly as "capitalism with the gloves off", goes on to assert that Exajple term is largely unknown by the general public, particularly in the United States.

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It is hence considered as the arbiter of truth. Neoliberalism is distinct from liberalism insofar as it does not advocate laissez-faire economic policy but instead is highly constructivist and advocates a strong state to bring about market-like reforms in every aspect of society. Phillip More info. Magness [39]. Neoliberalism is also, according to some scholars, commonly used as a pejorative by critics, outpacing similar terms such as monetarismneoconservatismthe Washington Consensus and "market reform" in much scholarly writing. If neoliberalism is to serve as a way of understanding the transformation of society over the last few decades then the concept is in need of unpacking".]