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Perception management is a term originated by the US military. In various ways, perception management combines truth projection[1] operations securitycover and deceptionand psychological operations. Components of perception include the perceiver, target of perception, and the situation. Factors that influence the perceiver include:. The phrase "perception management" has often functioned as a euphemism for "an aspect of information warfare. Similarly, public officials who are being accused of shading the truth are now frequently charged with engaging in "perception management" when disseminating information to media or to the general public.

Although perception management operations Perception Of Perception And Presentation typically carried out within the international arena between governments, and between governments and citizens, use of perception management techniques have become part of mainstream information management systems in many ways that do not source military campaigns or government relations with citizenry.

Businesses may even contract with other businesses to conduct perception management for them, or they may conduct it in-house with their public relations staff.

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As Stan Moore has written, Presentatino because truth has been omitted, does not mean that truth is not true. Just because reality has not been perceived, does not mean that it is not real. There are nine strategies for perception management. According to Carlo Kopp, these include: [7] [8]. Life cycle models of organizational development suggest that the growth and ultimate Perception Of Perception And Presentation of a firm is dependent on how effectively business leaders navigate crisis, or crisis-like, events through their life cycles. This definition is based on the understanding of four unique components of organizational perception management: perception of the organization; actions or tactics; organizational spokespersons; and organizational audiences.

The organizational perceptions is further classified into three major forms namely organizational images, organizational reputation, and organizational identities.

Following are the examples of perception management in relation to specific organizations or communities:. Beginning in the s, news media and public information organizations and individuals carried out assignments to manage the public's perception of the CIAaccording to the New York Times. Carl Bernstein wrote in that "The CIA in the s, '60s, and even early 70s had concentrated its relationships with journalists in the most prominent Perceptoin of the American press corps, including four or five of the largest newspaper in the country, the broadcast networks, and the two major weekly news magazines.

The term "perception management" is not new [ as of? For years the FBI has listed foreign perception management as one of eight "key issue threats" to national security more info, including it with terrorismattacks on critical US infrastructure, and weapons proliferation among others.

The FBI clearly recognizes perception management as a threat when it Perceotion directed at the US by foreign governments. Deception and sleight of hand are important in gaining advantages in war, both to gain domestic support of the operations and for the military against the enemy. Although perception management is Perception Of Perception And Presentation defined as being limited to foreign audiences, critics of Perception Of Perception And Presentation DOD charge that it also engages in domestic perception management.

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An example cited is the prohibition of viewing or photographing the flag draped caskets of dead military as they are unloaded in bulk upon arrival in the U. The DOD also describes perception management as an intent to provoke the behavior one link out of a given individual.

A similar situation occurred in Iraq in when the US military covertly paid Iraqi newspapers to print stories written by US soldiers; these stories were geared towards enhancing the appearance of the US Perception Of Perception And Presentation in Iraq. Domestically, during the Vietnam War, critics allege the Pentagon exaggerated communist threats to the United States in order to gain more public support for an increasingly bloody war. This was similarly seen in with accusations that the government embellished the threat and existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. The US military has demonstrated using perception management multiple times in modern warfare, even though it has proven to take a hit to its credibility among the American people.

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When it came to light, the Pentagon was initially criticized for simply using a perception management office to influence foreign states. Shortly after, the Office of Special Plans was created with a more focused goal of selective intelligence vetting outside the normal chartered intelligence apparatus, with foreign propaganda activities moved to the Office of Information Activities under the direction of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict.

More recently, the DOD has continued to pursue actively a course of perception management about the Iraq War.

Recognizing its vulnerability to information and media flows, the DoD has identified the information domain as its new 'asymmetric flank. The level of use of perception management is continuing to grow throughout the Army. Until recently specialists, known as psychological operations officers and civil affairs Anrwhose only purpose is to decide how to present information to the media and to the people of the current country that they are in only held positions in high division levels of command. The Army has decided that it is now necessary that these specialists Perception Of Perception And Presentation included in the transformed brigades and deal with "everything from analyzing the enemy's propaganda leaflets to talking with natives to see what the Army can do to make them their friends", said 3rd Brigade's Civil Affairs Officer Maj.]