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Luis Walter Alvarez June 13, — September 1, was an American experimental physicistinventorand professor who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in for development of the hydrogen bubble chamber enabling discovery of resonance states in particle physics.

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The American Journal of Physics commented, "Luis Alvarez was one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century. Alvarez devised a set of Theroy to observe K- electron capture in radioactive nucleipredicted by the beta decay theory but never before observed. He produced tritium using the cyclotron and measured its lifetime.

In collaboration with Felix Blochhe measured the magnetic moment of the neutron. In Alvarez joined the MIT Radiation Laboratory Labelling Theory And Robert Agnew s General, where he contributed to a number of World War II radar projects, from early improvements to Identification friend or foe IFF radar beacons, now called transpondersto a system known as VIXEN for preventing enemy submarines from realizing that they had been found by the new airborne microwave radars. Enemy submarines would wait until Essay Syndrome radar signal was getting strong and then submerge, escaping attack.

But VIXEN transmitted a radar signal whose strength was the cube of the distance to the submarine so that as they approached the sub, the signal—as measured by the sub—got progressively weaker, and the sub assumed the plane was getting farther away and didn't submerge. Alvarez spent a few months at the University of Chicago working on nuclear reactors for Enrico Fermi before coming to Los Alamos to work for Robert Oppenheimer on the Manhattan project.

Alvarez worked on the design of explosive lensesand the development of exploding-bridgewire detonators.

After the war Alvarez was involved in the design of a liquid hydrogen bubble chamber that allowed his team to take millions of photographs of particle interactions, develop complex computer systems to measure and analyze these interactions, and discover entire families of new particles and resonance states. This work resulted in his being awarded the Nobel Prize in He was involved in a project to x-ray the Egyptian pyramids to search for unknown chambers. With his son, geologist Walter Labelling Theory And Robert Agnew s Generalhe developed the Alvarez hypothesis which proposes that the extinction event that wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs was the result of an asteroid impact. He had an older sister, Gladys, a younger brother, Bob, and a younger sister, Bernice. He had always expected to attend the University of California, Berkeleybut read more the urging of his teachers at Rochester, he instead went to the University of Chicago[8] where he received his bachelor's degree inhis master's degree inand his PhD in As a postgraduate he moved to Gamma Alpha.

Inas a graduate student at Chicago, he discovered physics there and had the rare opportunity to use the equipment of legendary physicist Albert A. Observing more incoming radiation from the west, Alvarez concluded that primary cosmic rays were positively charged. Compton submitted the resulting paper to the Physical Reviewwith Alvarez's name at the top.

Alvarez was an agnostic. Alvarez's sister, Gladys, worked for Ernest Lawrence as a part-time secretary, and mentioned Alvarez to Lawrence. Lawrence then invited Alvarez to tour the Century of Progress exhibition in Chicago with him.

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A telegram soon arrived from Gladys with a job offer from Lawrence. This started a long association with the University of California, Berkeley. Alvarez and Smithwick were married in one of the chapels at the University of Chicago and then headed for California. On December 28,he married Janet L. Landis, and had two more children, Donald and Helen.

At the Radiation Laboratory he worked with Lawrence's experimental team, which was supported by a group of theoretical physicists headed by Robert Oppenheimer. Using magnets to sweep aside the positrons and electrons emanating from his radioactive sources, he designed a special purpose Geiger counter to detect only the "soft" X-rays coming from K capture. He published his results in the Physical Review in This is one of the most basic fusion reactionsand the foundation of the thermonuclear weapon and the current Roobert on controlled nuclear fusion.

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At that time the stability of these two reaction products was unknown, but based on existing theories Hans Bethe thought that tritium would be stable and helium-3 unstable. Alvarez proved the reverse by using his knowledge of the details of the inch cyclotron operation.

He tuned the machine to accelerate doubly ionized helium-3 nuclei and was able to get a beam of accelerated ionsthus using the cyclotron as a kind of super mass spectrometer. As the accelerated helium came from deep gas wells where it had been for millions of years, the helium-3 component had to be stable.]