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Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs. Confirmation bias is a broad construct covering a number of explanations. Biased search, biased interpretation and biased read article have been invoked to explain attitude polarization when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidencebelief perseverance when beliefs What Makes A True Motivation Comes From after the evidence for them is shown to be falsethe irrational primacy effect a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series and illusory correlation when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations.

A series of psychological link in the s suggested that people are biased toward confirming their existing beliefs. Later work re-interpreted these results as a tendency to test ideas in a one-sided way, focusing on one possibility and ignoring alternatives "myside bias", an alternative name for confirmation bias. In certain situations, this tendency can bias people's conclusions. Explanations for the observed biases include wishful thinking and the limited human capacity to process information.

Another explanation is that people show confirmation bias because they are weighing up the costs of being wrong, rather than investigating in a neutral, scientific way. However, even scientists and intelligent people can be prone to confirmation bias. Confirmation bias cannot be eliminated entirely, but it can be managed, eg, by education and training in critical thinking skills. Confirmation biases contribute to overconfidence in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.

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Poor decisions due to these biases have been found in political, organizational, financial and scientific contexts. For example, confirmation What Makes A True Motivation Comes From produces systematic errors in scientific research based on inductive reasoning the gradual accumulation of supportive evidence. Similarly, a police detective may identify a suspect early in an investigation, but then may only seek confirming rather than disconfirming evidence. Confirmation bias, a phrase coined by English psychologist Peter Wason, is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs or values, and is difficult to dislodge once affirmed. Confirmation bias or confirmatory bias has also been termed myside bias. Confirmation biases are effects in information processing. They differ from what is sometimes called the behavioral confirmation effect click, commonly known as self-fulfilling prophecyin which a person's expectations influence their own behavior, bringing about the expected result.

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Some psychologists restrict the term confirmation bias to selective collection of evidence that supports what one already believes while ignoring or rejecting evidence that supports a different conclusion. Others apply the term more broadly to the tendency to preserve one's existing beliefs when searching for evidence, interpreting it, or recalling it from memory. Confirmation bias is a result of automatic, unintentional strategies rather than deliberate deception.

Experiments have found repeatedly that people tend to test hypotheses in a one-sided way, by searching for evidence consistent with their current hypothesis.

In studies where subjects could select either such pseudo-tests or genuinely diagnostic ones, they favored the genuinely diagnostic. The preference for positive tests in itself is not a bias, since positive tests can be highly informative. For example, various contradictory ideas about someone could each be supported by concentrating on one aspect of his or her behavior. Even a small change in a question's wording can affect how people search through available information, and hence the conclusions they reach. This was shown using a fictional child custody case.

Parent B had a mix of salient positive and negative qualities: a close relationship with the child but a job that would take them away for long periods of time.]