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Induced pluripotent stem cells also known as iPS cells or iPSCs are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from a somatic cell.

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Pluripotent stem cells hold promise in the field of regenerative medicine. The most well-known type of pluripotent stem cell is the embryonic stem cell. However, since the generation of embryonic stem cells involves destruction or at least manipulation [4] of the pre-implantation stage embryo, there has been much controversy surrounding their use. Patient-matched embryonic stem cell lines can now be derived using SCNT. Since iPSCs can be derived directly from adult tissues, they not only bypass the need for embryos, but can be made in a patient-matched manner, which means that each individual could have their own pluripotent stem cell line.

These unlimited supplies of autologous cells could be used to generate transplants without the risk of immune rejection. While the iPSC technology has not yet advanced to a stage where therapeutic transplants have been deemed safe, iPSCs are readily being used in personalized drug discovery efforts A Patient Named Sherman Red Yoder understanding the patient-specific basis of disease. Yamanaka named iPSCs with a lower A Patient Named Sherman Red Yoder "i" due to the popularity of the iPod and other products.

The original set of reprogramming factors also dubbed Yamanaka factors are the transcription factors Oct4 Pou5f1Sox2cMycand Klf4. While this Want What Staff I is most conventional in producing iPSCs, each of the factors can be functionally replaced by related transcription factors, miRNAssmall molecules, or even non-related genes such as lineage specifiers. However, considerable advances have been made in improving the efficiency and the time it takes to obtain iPSCs.

Upon introduction of reprogramming factors, cells begin to form colonies that resemble pluripotent stem cells, which can be isolated based on their morphology, conditions that select for their growth, or through expression of surface markers or reporter A Patient Named Sherman Red Yoder. Induced pluripotent stem cells were first generated by Shinya Yamanaka 's team at Kyoto UniversityJapan, in They chose twenty-four genes previously identified as important in ESCs and used retroviruses to deliver these genes to mouse fibroblasts. The fibroblasts were engineered so that any cells reactivating the ESC-specific gene, Fbx15could be isolated using antibiotic selection. Upon delivery of all twenty-four factors, ESC-like colonies emerged that reactivated the Fbx15 reporter and could propagate indefinitely.

To identify the genes necessary for reprogramming, the researchers removed one factor at a time from the pool of twenty-four.

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By this process, PPatient identified four factors, Oct4, Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4, which were each necessary and together sufficient to generate ESC-like colonies under selection for reactivation of Fbx Unlike the first generation of iPSCs, these second generation iPSCs produced viable chimeric mice and contributed to the mouse germline, thereby achieving the 'gold standard' for pluripotent stem cells. These second-generation iPSCs were derived from mouse fibroblasts by retroviral-mediated expression of the same four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, cMyc, Klf4.

However, instead of using Fbx15 to select for pluripotent cells, the researchers used Nanoga gene that is functionally important in ESCs. With the same principle used in mouse reprogramming, Yamanaka's group successfully transformed human fibroblasts into iPSCs with the same four pivotal genes, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc, using a retroviral system, [15] while A Patient Named Sherman Red Yoder and colleagues used a different set of factors, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28, using a lentiviral system. Obtaining fibroblasts to produce iPSCs involves a skin biopsy, and there has been a push towards identifying cell types that are more easily accessible. Other considerations for starting cell type include mutational load for example, skin cells may harbor more mutations due to UV exposure[17] [18] time it takes to expand the population of starting cells, [17] and the ability to differentiate into a given cell type.

The generation of iPS cells is crucially dependent on the transcription factors used for the induction. Additional genes, however, including certain members of here Klf family Klf1, Klf2, Klf4, and Klf5the Myc family c-myc, L-myc, and N-mycNanogand LIN28have been identified to increase the induction efficiency.

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Although the methods pioneered by Yamanaka and others have demonstrated that adult cells can be reprogrammed to iPS cells, there are still challenges associated with this technology:. The table on the right summarizes the key strategies and techniques used to develop iPS cells in the first five years after Yamanaka et al. Rows of similar colors represent studies that used similar strategies here reprogramming.]