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Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of one's idealised self-image and attributes. The term originated from Greek mythologywhere a young man named Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water.

Narcissism or pathological self-absorption was first identified as a disorder in by Havelock Ellis [1] and featured in subsequent psychological models, e. The American Psychiatric Association has listed the classification narcissistic personality disorder in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM sincedrawing on the historical concept of megalomania.

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It is distinct from concepts of distinguishing the self egocentrism or egoism and healthy forms of responsibility and learn more here for oneself " primary narcissism ". Narcissism by contrast is considered a problem for relationships with self and others and for maintaining a functional culture. In trait personality theory it features in several self-report personality inventories including the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. How Can I Be Better Than Others is one of the three dark triadic personality traits the others being psychopathy and Machiavellianism.

This caused Narcissus to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus "lay gazing enraptured into the pool, hour after hour," and finally changed into a flower that bears his name, the narcissus. In ancient Greece the concept was understood as hubris. It is only since the late s that narcissism has been defined in psychological terms. The grandiose variant, which is usually measured using the NPI is strongly linked to the DSM-IV conceptualization and is the variant associated with NPDa Cluster B personality disorder which reflect traits related to self-importance, entitlement, aggression, and dominance.

Vulnerable narcissism reflects a defensive and fragile grandiosity, which functions mainly as a cover for feelings of inadequacy. Vulnerable narcissism characterized by hypersensitivity, defensiveness, and withdrawal and is strongly associated with BPDwhich is characterized by the fear of abandonment, interpersonal and affective instability, impulsivity, chronic feelings of emptiness, suicidal ideation, and self-mutilation.

Pathological narcissism is when both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism is concurrent, which is linked to poor self-esteem, lack of empathy, feelings of shame, interpersonal distress, aggression, and significant impairments in personality functioning across both clinical and non-clinical samples. Pathological narcissism, as measured by the Pathological Narcissism Inventory PNIis embedded within the personality disorders organized at the borderline level, which include antisocial, borderline, narcissistic personality disorders. PNI scales exhibited significant associations with parasuicidal behavior, suicide attempts, homicidal ideation, and several aspects of psychotherapy utilization. The general move towards a dimensional personality trait-based view of the Personality Disorders has been maintained.

Some narcissists may have a limited or minimal capability to experience emotions. The How Can I Be Better Than Others Collaboration has commissioned two reviews of the evidence for psychological and medical treatments for Narcissistic Personality Disorder NPD. There are no clear treatment strategies for NPD, [14] neither medication nor psychotherapy.

Related Questions

Karen Horney saw the narcissistic personality as a temperament trait molded by a certain kind of early environment. She did not see narcissistic needs and tendencies as inherent in human nature.

Normal or healthy narcissism is an essential component of mature self-esteem and basic self-worth. Craig Malkin describes a lack of healthy narcissism as echoism, a term inspired by the nymph Echo in the mythology of Narcissus.

Freud said that narcissism was an original state from which the individual develops the love object. Compared to neutral observers, parents tend to overvalue the qualities of their child. When parents act in an extreme opposite style and the child is rejected or inconsistently reinforced depending Hos the mood of the parent, the self-needs of the child are not met. Freud contrasted the natural development of active-egoistic and passive-altruistic tendencies in the individual with narcissism, in the former, and what Trevor Pederson referred to as echoism, in the latter. This is the place for two remarks.]