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Automated attendant Automated guided vehicle Automated highway system Automated pool cleaner Automated reasoning Automated teller machine Automatic painting robotic Pop music Itx Robotic lawn mower Telephone switchboard Vending machine. Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human assistance. Automation covers applications ranging from a household thermostat controlling a boiler, to a large industrial control system with tens of thousands of input measurements and output control signals. In control complexity, it can range from simple on-off control to multi-variable high-level algorithms.

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In the simplest type of an automatic control loopa controller compares a measured value of a process with a desired set value, and processes the resulting error signal to change some input to the process, in such a way that the process stays at its set point despite disturbances. This closed-loop control is an application of negative feedback to a system. The mathematical basis of control theory was begun in the 18th century and advanced rapidly in the 20th. Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanicalhydraulicpneumaticelectricalelectronic devicesand computersusually in combination.

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Complicated systems, such as modern factories, airplanesand ships typically use all these combined techniques. The benefit of automation includes labor savings, savings in electricity costssavings in material costs, and improvements to quality, accuracy, and precision.

The World Bank 's World Development Report shows evidence that the new industries and jobs in the technology sector outweigh the economic effects of workers being displaced by automation. Computer Automation And Its Effect On The losses and downward mobility blamed on Automation has been cited as one of many factors in the resurgence of nationalistprotectionist and populist politics in the US, UK and France, among other countries since the s. The term automationinspired by the earlier word automatic coming from automatonwas not widely used beforewhen Ford established an automation department. Fundamentally, there are two types of control loop; open-loop control, and closed-loop feedback control. In open-loop control, the control action from the controller is independent of the "process output" or "controlled process variable".

A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the building. The control action is switching the boiler off and on. The process output is building temperature. In closed-loop control, the control action from the controller is dependent on the process output. In the case of the boiler analogy, this would include a temperature sensor to monitor the building temperature, and thereby feed a read more back to the controller to ensure it maintains the building at the temperature set on the thermostat. A closed-loop controller, therefore, has a feedback loop that ensures the controller exerts a control action to give a process output equal to the "Reference input" or "set point". For this reason, closed-loop controllers are also called feedback controllers.

The definition of a closed-loop control system according to the British Standard Institution is 'a control system possessing monitoring feedback, the deviation signal formed as a result of this feedback being used to control the action of a final control element in such a way as to tend to reduce the deviation to zero. Likewise, a Feedback Control System is a system that tends to maintain a prescribed relationship of one system variable to another by comparing functions of these variables and using the difference as a means of control.

One of the simplest types of control is on-off control. An example is a thermostat used Industrialization Imperialism household appliances which either opens or closes an electrical contact.]