Totalitarian Ideologies Of Fascism And Stalinism - amazonia.fiocruz.br

Necessary: Totalitarian Ideologies Of Fascism And Stalinism

Totalitarianism is a concept [1] [2] for a form of government or political system that prohibits opposition parties, restricts individual opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high degree of control over public and private life.

It is regarded as the most extreme and complete form of authoritarianism. In totalitarian states, political power has often been held by autocrats who employ all-encompassing campaigns in which propaganda is broadcast by state-controlled mass media. Totalitarian regimes are often characterized by extensive political repressiona complete lack of democracywidespread personality cultismabsolute control over the economymassive censorshipmass surveillancelimited freedom of movement most notably freedom to leave the country and widespread use of state terrorism.

Other aspects of a totalitarian regime include the use of concentration campsrepressive secret policereligious persecution or state atheismthe common practice of executionsfraudulent elections if they take placepossible possession of weapons of mass destruction and potentially state-sponsored mass murder and genocides. Historian Robert Conquest describes a totalitarian state as one which recognizes no limit on its authority in any sphere of public or private life and it extends that authority to whatever length is feasible. Totalitarianism was first developed in the s by both Weimar jurist and later Nazi academic Carl Schmitt and concurrently the Italian fascists. Italian Fascist Benito Mussolini proclaimed: "Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. Totalitarian regimes are different from other authoritarian regimes.

The latter denotes a state in which the Totalitariah power holder, usually an individual dictatora committee, a junta or an otherwise small group of political elite, monopolizes political power. In this sense, "the authoritarian state [ Some totalitarian governments may Totalitarian Ideologies Of Fascism And Stalinism an elaborate ideology, with "[t]he officially proclaimed ideology " penetrating "into the deepest reaches of societal structure and the totalitarian government seeks to completely control the thoughts and actions of Og citizens.

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Carl Joachim Friedrich wrote that "a totalist ideology, a party reinforced by a secret policeand monopoly control of [ Historian John Connelly argued that totalitarianism is a useful word, but that the old s theory about it is defunct among scholars:. The word is as functional now as it was 50 years ago. Or for that matter any of the millions of former subjects of Soviet-type rule who use click local equivalents of the Czech totalita to describe the systems they lived under before ?

It is a useful word and everyone knows what it means as a general referent. Problems arise when people confuse the useful descriptive term with the old "theory" from the s.

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The notion that totalitarianism is total political power which is exercised by the state was formulated in by Giovanni Amendolawho described Italian Fascism as a system which was fundamentally different from conventional dictatorships. He used the term totalitario to refer to the structure and goals of the new state which was to provide the "total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals. One of the first people to use the term totalitarianism in the English language was the Austrian writer Franz Borkenau in his book The Communist Internationalin which he commented that it united the Soviet and German dictatorships more than it divided them.

In a radio address two weeks later, Churchill again employed the term, this time applying the concept to "a Communist or a Nazi tyranny". When the time comes, either parliament submits or we will eliminate it. Later, Gil-Robles went into exile. George Orwell made frequent use of the word totalitarian and its cognates in multiple essays published inand Totalitarian Ideologies Of Fascism And Stalinism line of serious work that I have written since has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialismas I understand it. During a lecture series entitled "The Soviet Impact on the Western World" and published as a book inthe British historian E. Carr wrote: "The trend away from individualism and towards totalitarianism is everywhere unmistakable" and that Marxism—Leninism was by far the most successful type of totalitarianism Totalitarian Ideologies Of Fascism And Stalinism proved by Soviet industrial growth and the Red Army 's role in defeating Germany.

According to Carr, only the "blind and incurable" could ignore the trend towards totalitarianism. In both works, Popper contrasted the " open society " of liberal democracy with totalitarianism and argued that the latter is grounded in the belief that history moves toward an immutable future in accordance with knowable laws. In The Origins of TotalitarianismHannah Arendt argued that Nazi and Communist regimes were new Totalitarian Ideologies Of Fascism And Stalinism of government and not merely updated versions of the old tyrannies. According to Arendt, the source of the mass appeal of totalitarian regimes is their ideology which provides a comforting and single answer to the mysteries of this web page past, present and future.

For Nazism, all history is the history of race struggle and for Marxism—Leninism all history is the history of class struggle. Once that premise is accepted, all actions of the state can be justified by appeal to nature or the law of historyjustifying their establishment of authoritarian state apparatus. In addition to Arendt, many scholars from a variety of academic backgrounds and ideological positions have closely examined totalitarianism. Each one of these described totalitarianism in slightly different ways, but they all agreed that totalitarianism seeks to mobilize entire populations in support of an official party ideology and is intolerant of activities which are not directed towards the goals of the party, entailing repression or state control of business, labour unions, non-profit organizationsreligious organizations and minor political parties.

At the same time, many scholars from a variety of academic backgrounds and ideological positions criticized the theorists of totalitarianism. They thought that totalitarianism was connected to Western ideologies and associated with evaluation rather than analysis.]