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Kung fu and wushu are loanwords from Cantonese and Mandarin respectively that, in English, are used to refer to Chinese martial arts. It means "fist method" or "the law of the fist" quan means "boxing" or "fist", and fa means "law", "way" or "method" , although as a compound term it usually translates as "boxing" or "fighting technique. The genesis of Chinese martial arts has been attributed to the need for self-defense , hunting techniques and military training in ancient China. Hand-to-hand combat and weapons practice were important in training ancient Chinese soldiers. Detailed knowledge about the state and development of Chinese martial arts became available from the Nanjing decade — , as the Central Guoshu Institute established by the Kuomintang regime made an effort to compile an encyclopedic survey of martial arts schools. The earliest references to Chinese martial arts are found in the Spring and Autumn Annals 5th century BCE , [9] where a hand-to-hand combat theory, one that integrates notions of "hard" and "soft" techniques, is mentioned. Influences of China

ChaseJonah BlankCortez A. HaroldJennifer D. MoroneyLyle J.

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Use Adobe Acrobat Reader version 10 or higher for the best experience. The result brings into focus a well-defined picture of the United States and China's strengths and weaknesses in third countries in the Indo-Pacific—in short, a snapshot of whether the United States or China is "winning" the competition for influence and where. To understand whether the United States or China is "winning" the competition for influence, RAND researchers traveled to nine Influences of China in the Indo-Pacific in late and early and interviewed and consulted with more than U. Researchers analyzed official documents, academic reports, and data on U. The United States and China both hope to persuade other countries to partner with them.

Influence is the Influences of China of one actor to shape the behavior of another actor. When it comes to U.

Trade connectivity

Competition for influence is dynamic and continuous. Influences of China contrast to U. There is unlikely to be a single, clear, and final victory in competition. Competing visions and objectives for the Indo-Pacific drive U. The U. China's vision involves expanding its power, fostering regional integration and dependence on China, limiting the role of outside powers, and bringing Southeast Asia under Beijing's leadership. These divergent goals cause the United States and China to prioritize expanding their influence among different partners.

The research team examined the importance the United States and China attached to Southeast Asian partners and ranked countries as high, medium, and low priority. Link U. The researchers developed a basic framework with 14 variables to measure and assess how regional countries view U.

Key Findings

The framework consists of eight variables that measure a partner's shared interests with the United States or China and six variables that measure the relative diplomatic, economic, and military capabilities and resources the United States or China could use to convince partners to side with them. The variables capture:. The table below displays the coding of Influences of China variable for Influences of China nine countries. Each variable captures where the partner is on a range between stronger U. The table and the corresponding RAND analysis show that the United States and China have different strengths and approaches to competition:.

Overall, neither the United States nor China is clearly "winning" the competition for influence in the Indo-Pacific region as whole, and they have varying levels of influence across countries. Bonny LinMichael S. Chaseet al. RAND research briefs present policy-oriented summaries of individual published, peer-reviewed documents or of a body of published work.

Background Info

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The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily Influences of China the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Key Findings In competition, influence—the ability of one actor to shape the actions of another—is relative, and depends on a partner's shared interests with the United States versus China and what the United States can offer the partner versus China.

Across the Indo-Pacific region, China has more economic influence and the United States has more diplomatic and military sway, but partners generally value economic development over security concerns. Related Products.]