Opinion: The Augustan Reformation Responsive Or Ideological
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The Augustan Reformation Responsive Or Ideological - apologise, but
To browse Academia. Skip to main content. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. Log In Sign Up. Download Free PDF.The history of the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth — covers a period in the history of Poland and Lithuaniabefore their joint state was subjected to devastating wars in the middle of the Iddological century. The Union of Lublin of established the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealtha more closely unified federal state, replacing the previously existing personal union of the two countries.
The Union was largely run by the Polish and increasingly Polonized Lithuanian and Ruthenian nobilitythrough the system of the central parliament and local assembliesbut Augusatn led by elected kings. The formal rule of the proportionally more numerous than in other European countries nobility constituted a sophisticated early democratic system, [1] in contrast to the absolute monarchies prevalent at that time in the rest of Europe.
The Polish—Lithuanian Union had become an influential player in Europe and a vital cultural entity, spreading Western culture eastward. In the second half of the 16th and the first half of the 17th century, the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth was a huge state in central-eastern Europe, with an area approaching one million square Augistan.
Following the Reformation gains the Warsaw Confederation Refomration was the culmination of the unique in Europe religious toleration processesthe Catholic Church embarked on an ideological counter-offensive and Counter-Reformation claimed many converts from Protestant circles. Disagreements over and difficulties with the assimilation of the eastern Ruthenian populations of the Commonwealth had become clearly discernible. At an earlier stage from the late 16th centurythey manifested themselves in the religious Union of Brestwhich split the Eastern Christians of the Commonwealth, and on the military front, in a series of Cossack uprisings.
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It had also become a playground of internal conflicts, in which the kings, powerful magnats and factions of nobility were the main actors. At the Commonwealth's height, some of its powerful neighbors experienced difficulties of their own and the Polish—Lithuanian state sought domination Rezponsive Eastern Europe, in particular over Russia. Tsar Ivan IV of Russia undertook in hostilities in the Livonian region, which The Augustan Reformation Responsive Or Ideological in his takeover of most of the area and caused the Polish—Lithuanian involvement in the Livonian War.
Estonia was Rfformation a part of the Commonwealth by Sigismund III inwhich gave rise to a war with Sweden over Livonia; the war lasted until without producing a definite outcome. Inas Russia was entering a period of instabilitythe Commonwealth proposed a union with the Russian state. This failed move was followed by many other similarly unsuccessful, often adventurous attempts, some involving military invasionsother dynastic and diplomatic manipulations and scheming. While the differences Case Wwe the two societies and empires proved in the end too formidable to overcome, the Polish—Lithuanian state ended up inafter the Truce of Deulinowith the greatest ever expansion of its territory.
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At the same time it was weakened by the huge military effort made. A mobilization in Poland-Lithuania followed and when Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz 's army withstood fierce enemy assaults at the Battle of Khotynthe situation improved on the southeastern front. More warfare with the Ottomans followed in — and vast expanses of the Commonwealth had been subjected more info Tatar incursions and slave-taking expeditions throughout the period. War with Swedennow under Gustavus Adolphusresumed in with his attack on Rigafollowed by the Swedish occupation of much of Livonia, control of Baltic Sea coast up to Puck and the blockade of Danzig. Under pressure from several European powers, the campaign was stopped and ended in the Truce of AltmarkThe Augustan Reformation Responsive Or Ideological in Swedish hands much of what Gustavus Adolphus had conquered.
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Another war with Russia followed in and was concluded without much change in the status quo. At the conclusion of the hostilitiesSweden evacuated the cities and ports of Royal Prussia but kept most of Livonia. Courlandwhich had remained with the Commonwealth, assumed the servicing of Lithuania's Baltic trade.
After Frederick William 's Aubustan Prussian homage The Augustan Reformation Responsive Or Ideological the Polish king inthe Commonwealth's position in regard to Prussia and its Hohenzollern rulers kept getting weaker. At the outset of the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealthin the second half of the 16th century, Poland—Lithuania became an elective monarchyin which the king was elected by the hereditary nobility.]
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