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Theoretical Perspectives on Reading Instruction Video

Constructivism is a theory in education that recognizes learners construct new understandings and knowledge, integrating with what they already know. This includes knowledge gained prior to entering school.

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Theoretical Perspectives on Reading Instruction Constructivism in education has roots in epistemologywhich - in philosophy - is a theory of knowledge, which is concerned with the logical categories of knowledge and its justificational basis. In constructivism, hence, it is recognized that the learner has prior knowledge and experiences, which are often determined by their social and cultural environment.

While the Behaviorist school of learning may help understand what students are doing, educators also need to know what students are thinking, and how to enrich what students are thinking. Constructivism can be traced back to educational psychology in the work of Jean Piaget — identified with Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Piaget focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction between their experiences and their ideas. His views tended to focus on human development in relation to what is occurring with an individual as distinct from development influenced by other persons. Expanding upon Vygotsky's theory Jerome Bruner and other educational psychologists developed the important concept of instructional scaffoldingwhereby the social or informational environment offers supports or scaffolds for learning that are gradually withdrawn as they become internalized.

Views more focused on human development in the context of the social world include the sociocultural or socio-historical perspective of Lev Vygotsky and the situated cognition perspectives of Mikhail BakhtinJean Lave and Etienne Wenger ; [8] Brown, Collins and Duguid; [9] Newman, Griffin and Cole, [10] and Barbara Rogoff. The concept of constructivism has influenced a number of disciplines, including psychologysociologyeducation and the history of science.

Piaget called these systems of knowledge "schemes. Schemes are not to be confused with schemaa term that comes from schema theorywhich is from information-processing perspectives on human cognition. Whereas Piaget's schemes are content-free, schemata the plural of schema are concepts ; for example, most humans have a schema for " grandmother ", " egg ", or " magnet. Constructivism does not refer to https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/pathetic-fallacy-examples/this-is-not-the-inherent-nature-of.php specific pedagogyalthough it is often confused with constructionisman educational theory developed by Seymour Papertinspired by constructivist and experiential learning ideas of Piaget.

Piaget's theory of constructivist https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/essay-writing-format-cbse-class-12/national-curriculum.php has had wide-ranging impact on learning theories and teaching methods in education, and is an underlying theme of education reform movements. Earlier educational philosophies did not place much value on what would become constructivist ideas; children's play and exploration were seen as aimless and of little importance.

Today, constructivist theories are influential throughout the formal and informal learning sectors. In museum educationconstructivist theories inform exhibit design. Writers who influenced constructivism include:. The formalization of constructivism from a within-the-human perspective is generally attributed to Jean Piaget, who articulated mechanisms by which information from the environment and ideas from the individual interact and result in internalized structures developed by Theoretical Perspectives on Reading Instruction.

He identified processes of assimilation and accommodation that are key in this interaction as individuals construct new knowledge from their experiences. When individuals assimilate new information, they incorporate it into an already existing framework Theoretical Perspectives on Reading Instruction changing that framework.

This may occur when individuals' experiences are aligned with their internal representations of the world, but may also occur as a failure to change a faulty understanding; for example, they may not notice events, may misunderstand input from others, or may decide that an event is in fluke and is therefore unimportant as information about the world. In contrast, when individuals' experiences contradict their internal representations, they may change their perceptions of the experiences to fit their internal representations.

According to the theory, accommodation is the process of reframing one's mental representation of the external world to fit new experiences. Accommodation can be understood as the mechanism by which failure leads to learning: when we act on the expectation that the world operates in one way and it violates our expectations, we often https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/perception-checking-examples/victimization-in-margaret-atwoods-rape-fantasies.php, but by accommodating this new experience and reframing our model of the way the world works, we learn from the experience of failure, or others' failure.

It is important to note that constructivism is not a particular pedagogy. In fact, constructivism is a theory describing how learning happens, regardless of whether learners are using their experiences to understand a lecture Essay Hamlet Ophelia following the Instrucfion for building a model airplane. In both cases, the theory of constructivism suggests that learners construct knowledge out of their experiences.

However, constructivism is often associated with pedagogic approaches that promote active learningor learning by doing. There are many critics of "learning by doing" a. Social constructivism not only acknowledges the uniqueness and complexity of the learner, but actually Imstruction, utilizes and rewards it as an integral part of the learning process. Social constructivisms or socioculturalism encourage the learner or learners to arrive at his or her version of the truthinfluenced by his Perspeftives her background, culture or embedded worldview. Historical developments and symbol systems, such as language, logicTheoretical Perspectives on Reading Instruction mathematical systemsare inherited by the learner as a member of a particular culture and these are learned throughout the learner's life. This also stresses the importance of the nature of the learner's social interaction with knowledgeable members of Theoretical Perspectives on Reading Instruction society.]