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By Mark Hansen. January 1, , am CST. Photo of the Watergate Hotel courtesy of the Library of Congress. One of the lingering questions from Watergate—the most far-reaching political scandal in modern American history—concerns how so many lawyers could have allowed themselves to get sucked into the wrongdoing that was emanating from the Nixon White House. The short answer is that many of the lawyers working in the White House or for the Committee for the Re-election of the President—aka CREEP—never questioned the ethical implications of their involvement in the cover-up of the break-in on June 17, , at the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate office complex in Washington, D. Nixon, during a interview with the ABA Journal for an article about the legacy of the scandal. Watergate changed that—for me and every other lawyer. The Legal And Ethical Obligation Confidentiality Of

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Legal and Ethical Aspects of Medicine – Confidentiality: By Nelson Chan M.D.

The World Medical Association WMA has developed the Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving The Legal And Ethical Obligation Confidentiality Of subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data. The Declaration is intended to be read as a whole and each of its constituent paragraphs should be applied with consideration of all other relevant paragraphs. Consistent with the mandate of the WMA, the Declaration is addressed primarily to physicians. The WMA encourages others who are involved in medical research involving human subjects to adopt these principles. It is the duty of the physician to promote and safeguard the health, well-being and rights of patients, including those who are involved in medical research.

Medical progress is based on research that ultimately must include studies involving human subjects. The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects is to understand the causes, development and effects of diseases and improve preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions methods, procedures and treatments. Even the best proven interventions must be evaluated Or through hTe for their safety, effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility and quality.

Medical research is subject to ethical standards that promote and ensure respect for all human subjects and protect their health and rights. While the primary purpose of medical research is to Etical new knowledge, this goal can never take precedence over the rights and interests of individual research subjects. It is the duty of physicians who are involved in medical research to protect the life, health, dignity, integrity, right to self-determination, privacy, and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects. The responsibility for the protection of research subjects must always rest with the physician or other health care professionals and never with the research subjects, even Confdentiality they have given consent.

Physicians must consider the ethical, legal and regulatory norms and standards for research involving human subjects in their own countries as well as applicable international norms and standards. No national or international ethical, legal or regulatory requirement should reduce or eliminate any of the protections for research subjects set forth in this Declaration.

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Medical research should be conducted in a manner that minimises possible harm to the environment. Medical research involving human subjects must be conducted only by individuals with the appropriate ethics and scientific education, training and qualifications. Research on patients or healthy volunteers requires the supervision of a competent and appropriately qualified physician or other health care professional. Groups that are underrepresented in medical research should be provided appropriate access to participation in research.

Physicians who combine medical research with medical care should involve their patients in research only to the extent that this is justified by its potential preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic value and if the physician has good reason to believe that participation in the research study will not adversely affect the health of the patients who serve as research subjects. Appropriate compensation and treatment for subjects who are harmed as a result of participating in research must be ensured.

In medical practice and in medical research, most interventions involve risks and burdens. Medical research involving human subjects may only be conducted if the importance of the objective outweighs the risks and burdens to the research subjects. All medical research involving human subjects must be preceded by careful assessment of predictable risks and burdens to the individuals and groups involved https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/calculus-on-manifolds-amazon/the-teachings-of-father-divine-s-mission.php the research in comparison with foreseeable benefits to them and to other individuals or groups affected by the condition under investigation. Measures to minimise the risks must be implemented. The risks must be continuously monitored, assessed and documented by the researcher.

Physicians may not be involved in a research study involving human subjects unless they are confident that the risks have been adequately assessed and can be satisfactorily managed.]