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Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment by individuals, organizations and governments. Due to the pressures of overconsumption , population growth and technology, the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently. This has been recognized, and governments have begun placing restraints on activities that cause environmental degradation. Since the s, environmental movements have created more awareness of the multiple environmental problems. There is disagreement on the extent of the environmental impact of human activity , so protection measures are occasionally debated. In the industrial countries, voluntary environmental agreements often provide a platform for companies to be recognized for moving beyond the minimum regulatory standards and thus support the development of the best environmental practice. CA Gajendra Kumar Jain a Chartered Accountant, is the founder of Environment Improvement Trust in Sojat city a small village of State of Rajasthan in India [3] In developing countries, such as Latin America, these agreements are more commonly used to remedy significant levels of non-compliance with mandatory regulation. An ecosystems approach to resource management and environmental protection aims to consider the complex interrelationships of an entire ecosystem in decision making rather than simply responding to specific issues and challenges.

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The Ceramic War: A lecture by Dr. Saloni Mistry Examination Of Existing Literature A Research Conducted.

A polygraphpopularly referred to as a lie detector testis a device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as blood pressurepulserespirationand skin conductivity while a person is asked and answers a series of questions. There are, however, no specific physiological reactions associated with lying, making it difficult to identify factors that separate liars from truth tellers. Polygraph examiners also prefer to use their own individual scoring method, as Examination Of Existing Literature A Research Conducted to computerized techniques, as they may more easily defend their own evaluations.

In some countries, polygraphs are used as an interrogation tool with criminal suspects or candidates for sensitive public or private sector employment. Within the US federal government, a polygraph examination is also referred to as a psychophysiological detection of deception PDD examination. However, assessments of polygraphy by scientific and government bodies generally suggest that polygraphs are highly inaccurate, may easily be defeated by countermeasures, and are an imperfect or invalid means of assessing truthfulness. The control question test, also known as the probable lie test, was developed to overcome or mitigate the problems with the relevant-irrelevant testing method.

Although the relevant questions in the probable lie test are used to obtain a reaction from liars, the physiological reactions that "distinguish" liars may also occur in innocent individuals who fear a false detection or Conduxted passionately that they did not commit the crime. Therefore, although a physiological reaction may be occurring, the reasoning behind the response may be different.

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Further here of the probable lie test has indicated that it is biased against innocent subjects. Those who are unable to think of a lie related to the relevant question will automatically fail the test. The examiner typically begins polygraph test sessions with a pre-test interview to gain some preliminary information which will later be used to develop diagnostic questions.

Then the tester will explain how the polygraph is supposed to work, emphasizing that it can detect lies and that it is important to answer truthfully. Then a "stim test" is often conducted: the subject is asked to deliberately lie and then the tester reports that he was able to detect this lie. Guilty subjects are likely to become more anxious when Eixsting are reminded of the test's validity.

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However, there are risks of innocent subjects being equally or more anxious than the guilty. Some of the questions asked are "irrelevant" "Is your name Fred? The different types of questions alternate. The test is passed if the physiological responses to the diagnostic questions are larger than those during the relevant questions. Criticisms have been given regarding the validity of the administration of the Control Question Technique.

The CQT may be vulnerable to being conducted in an interrogation-like fashion. This kind of interrogation style would elicit a nervous response from Examinatlon and guilty suspects alike.

Exam (elaborations)

There are several other ways of administering the questions. The test is usually conducted by a tester with no knowledge of the crime or circumstances in question. The administrator tests the participant on their knowledge of the crime that would not be known to an innocent person. For example: "Was the crime committed with a. If they react strongly to the guilty information, then proponents of the test believe that it is likely that they know facts relevant to the case.

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This administration is considered more valid by supporters of the test because it contains many safeguards to avoid the risk of the administrator influencing the results. Although there is some debate in the scientific community regarding the efficacy of polygraphs, assessments of polygraphy by scientific and government bodies generally suggest that polygraphs are inaccurate, may be defeated by countermeasures, Hyde Analysis are an imperfect or invalid means of assessing truthfulness. Ina review by the National Research Council found that, in populations "untrained in countermeasuresspecific-incident polygraph tests can discriminate lying from truth telling at rates well above chance, though well below perfection".]