Change over Time Essay Mesopotamia from 2000 - amazonia.fiocruz.br

Magnificent phrase: Change over Time Essay Mesopotamia from 2000

Writing is a medium of human communication that involves the representation of a language with symbols. The result of the activity of writing is called a textand the interpreter or activator of this text is called a reader. As human societies emerged, collective motivations for the development of writing were driven by pragmatic exigencies like keeping historymaintaining culturecodifying knowledge through curricula and lists of texts deemed to contain foundational knowledge e.

Wellshad speculated since the early 20th century on the likely correspondence between the emergence of systems of writing and fro, development of city-states into empires. Further innovations included more uniform, predictable, and widely dispersed legal systemsdistribution and discussion of accessible versions of sacred textsand the origins of modern practices of scientific inquiry and knowledge-consolidationall largely reliant on portable and easily reproducible forms of inscribed language.

Individual, as opposed to collective, motivations for writing include improvised Change over Time Essay Mesopotamia from 2000 capacity for the limitations of human memory e. The major writing systems —methods of inscription—broadly fall into five categories: logographicsyllabicalphabeticfeaturaland ideographic symbols for ideas. A sixth category, pictographicis insufficient to represent language on its own, but often forms the core of logographies.

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A logogram is a written character which represents a word or morpheme. A vast number of logograms are needed to write Chinese characterscuneiformand Mayanwhere a glyph may stand for a morpheme, a syllable, or both— "logoconsonantal" in the case of hieroglyphs. Many logograms have an ideographic component Chinese "radicals", hieroglyphic "determiners". For example, in Mayan, the glyph for "fin", pronounced "ka", was also used to represent Chamge syllable "ka" whenever the pronunciation of a logogram needed to be indicated, or when there was no logogram. However, such phonetic elements complement the logographic elements, rather than vice versa. The main logographic system in use today is Chinese charactersused with some modification for the various languages or dialects of ChinaJapanand sometimes in Korean despite the fact that Essaj South and North Koreathe phonetic Hangul system is mainly used. A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent or approximate syllables.

A glyph in a syllabary typically represents a consonant followed by a vowel, or just a vowel alone, though in some scripts more complex syllables such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel may have dedicated glyphs. Phonetically related syllables are not so indicated in ove script. For instance, the syllable "ka" may look nothing like the syllable "ki", nor will syllables with the same vowels be similar. Syllabaries Change over Time Essay Mesopotamia from 2000 best suited to languages with a relatively simple syllable structure, such as Japanese. Other languages that use syllabic writing include the Linear B script for Change over Time Essay Mesopotamia from 2000 Greek ; Sequoyan[10] Ndjukaan English-based creole language of Surinam ; and the Vai script of Liberia.

Most logographic systems have a strong syllabic component. Ethiopicthough technically an abugidahas fused consonants and vowels together to the please click for source where it is learned as if it were a syllabary.

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An alphabet is a set of symbols, each of which represents or historically represented a phoneme of the language. In a perfectly phonological alphabet, the phonemes and letters would correspond perfectly in two directions: a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling. As languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and here within a single language. In most of the writing systems of the Middle East, it is usually only the consonants of a word that are written, although vowels may be indicated by the addition of various diacritical marks.

Writing systems based primarily on marking the consonant phonemes alone date back to the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt. Such systems are called abjadsderived from the Arabic word for "alphabet".]