Catherine De Medici An Important Role In - amazonia.fiocruz.br

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In a lively narrative that spans more than two centuries, Meredith Martin tells the story of a royal and aristocratic building type that has been largely forgotten today: the pleasure dairy of early modern France. These garden structures - most famously the faux-rustic, white marble dairy built for Marie-Antoinette's Hameau at Versailles - have long been dismissed as the trifling follies of a reckless elite. Martin challenges such assumptions and reveals the pivotal role that pleasure dairies played in cultural and political life, especially with respect to polarizing debates about nobility, femininity, and domesticity. Together with other forms of pastoral architecture such as model farms and hermitages, pleasure dairies were crucial arenas for elite women to exercise and experiment with identity and power. Opening with Catherine de' Medici's lavish dairy at Fontainebleau c. Pleasure dairies also provided women with a site to promote good health, by spending time in salubrious gardens and consuming fresh milk. Illustrated with a dazzling array of images and photographs, "Dairy Queens" sheds new light on architecture, self, and society in the ancient regime. Catherine De Medici An Important Role In

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The years during which her sons reigned have been called "the age of Catherine de' Medici" as she had extensive, if at times varying, influence in the political life of France.

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Henry excluded Catherine from participating in state affairs and instead showered favors on his chief mistress, Diane de Poitierswho wielded much influence over him. Henry's death thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail year-old King Francis II. From toshe ruled France as regent for her son Charles IX. He dispensed with her advice only in the last months of eMdici life and outlived her by seven months. Catherine's three sons reigned in an age of almost constant civil and religious war in France. The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting. However, Catherine was able to maintain the monarchy and the state institutions functioning- even at a minimum level.

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At first, Catherine compromised and made concessions to the rebelling Calvinist Catherine De Medici An Important Role Inor Huguenotsas they became known. However, she failed to fully grasp the theological issues that drove their movement. Later she resorted in frustration and anger to hard-line policies against them. Bartholomew's Day massacre ofduring which time thousands of Huguenots were killed both in Paris and throughout France. Some Catherine De Medici An Important Role In have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, though evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters. Therefore, her policies may be seen as desperate measures to keep the Valois monarchy on the throne at all costs and her patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy whose prestige was in steep decline.

According to a contemporary chronicler, when Catherine was born, her parents were "as pleased as if it had been a boy". Within a month of Catherine's birth, both her parents were dead: Madeleine died on 28 April of puerperal feverand Lorenzo died on 4 May. Catherine was first cared for by her paternal grandmother, Alfonsina Orsini wife of Piero de' Medici.

After Alfonsina's death inCatherine joined her cousins and was raised by her aunt, Clarice de' Medici. The Florentine people called her duchessina "the little duchess"in deference to her unrecognised claim to the Duchy of Urbino. Inthe Medici were overthrown in Florence by a faction opposed to the regime of Clement's representative, Cardinal Silvio Passeriniand Catherine was taken hostage and placed in a series of convents. Mark Strage described these years as "the happiest of her entire life".

As the siege dragged on, voices called for Catherine to be killed and exposed naked and chained to the city walls.

Some even suggested that she be handed over to the troops to be used for their sexual gratification. Clement summoned Catherine from her beloved convent to join him in Catherine De Medici An Important Role In where he greeted her with open arms and tears in his eyes. Then he set about the business of finding her a husband. On her visit to Rome, the Venetian envoy described Catherine as "small of stature, and thin, and without delicate features, but having the protruding eyes peculiar to the Medici family". Henry was a prize catch for Catherine, who, despite her wealth, was of common origin. The fourteen-year-old couple left their wedding ball at midnight to perform their nuptial duties. Henry arrived in the bedroom with King Francis, who is said to have stayed until the marriage was consummated.

He noted that "each had shown valour in the joust". Catherine saw little of her husband in their first year of marriage, but the ladies of the court, impressed with Catherine De Medici An Important Role In intelligence and keenness to please, Medico her well. As a Farnese he felt no obligation to keep Clement's promises, broke the alliance with Francis and refused to continue paying her huge dowry. Prince Henry showed no interest in Catherine as a wife; instead, go here openly took mistresses. For the first ten years of the marriage, the royal couple failed to produce any children together. Inhe had a brief affair with Philippa DuciImportaant gave birth to a daughter, whom he publicly acknowledged. InHenry's older brother, Franciscaught a chill after a game of tennis, contracted a fever and died shortly after, leaving Henry the heir.

Suspicions of poison abounded, from Catherine to Emperor Charles V.]