The Ethics Of Western Ethical Standards - amazonia.fiocruz.br

The Ethics Of Western Ethical Standards Video

Introduction to Ethics

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Journalistic ethics and standards comprise principles of ethics and good practice applicable to journalists. This subset of media ethics is known as journalism's professional " code of ethics" and the "canons of journalism". So while various codes may have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of truthfulness , accuracy , objectivity, impartiality , fairness, and public accountability , as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public. Like many broader ethical systems, the ethics of journalism include the principle of "limitation of harm. Some journalistic codes of ethics, notably some European codes, [7] also include a concern with discriminatory references in news based on race , religion , sexual orientation , and physical or mental disabilities. Journalism's codes of ethics are intended to ensure reliability of reported information by defining acceptable practices; and provide guidelines about circumstances to avoid that could interfere with, or appear to interfere with, the reliability of reported information. Circumstances to avoid include conflicts of interest. The guidelines assist journalists in identifying and dealing with ethical dilemmas. When such circumstances cannot be avoided, they should be disclosed so that recipients of reported information can judge potential bias in the reporting. The codes and canons provide journalists with a framework for self-monitoring and self-correction. The Ethics Of Western Ethical Standards

The World Medical Association WMA has developed the Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data. Eyhical Declaration is intended to be read as a whole and each of its constituent paragraphs should be applied with consideration of all other relevant paragraphs.

Consistent with the mandate of the WMA, the Declaration is addressed primarily to physicians. The WMA encourages others who are involved in medical research involving human subjects to adopt these principles.

It is the duty of the physician to promote and safeguard the health, Stansards and rights of patients, including those who are involved in medical research. Medical progress is based on research that ultimately must include studies involving human subjects. The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects is to understand the causes, development and effects of diseases and improve preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions methods, procedures and treatments.

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Even the best proven interventions must be evaluated continually through research for their safety, effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility and quality. Medical research is subject to ethical standards that promote and ensure respect for all human subjects and protect their health and rights.

While the primary purpose of medical research is to generate new knowledge, this goal can never take precedence over the rights and interests of individual research subjects. It is the duty of physicians who are involved in medical research to protect the life, health, dignity, integrity, right to self-determination, privacy, and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects. The responsibility for the protection of research subjects here always rest with the physician or other health care professionals and never with the research subjects, even though they have given consent. Physicians must consider the ethical, legal and regulatory norms and standards for research involving human subjects in their own countries as well as applicable international norms and standards.

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No national The Ethics Of Western Ethical Standards international ethical, legal or regulatory requirement should reduce or eliminate any of the protections for research subjects set forth in this Declaration. Medical research should be conducted in a manner that minimises possible harm to the environment. Medical research involving human subjects must be conducted only by individuals with the appropriate ethics and scientific education, training and qualifications. Research on patients or healthy volunteers requires the supervision of a competent and appropriately qualified physician or other health care professional. Groups that are underrepresented in medical research should be provided appropriate access to participation in research. Physicians who combine medical research with medical care should involve their patients in research Westerb to the extent that this is justified by its potential preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic value and if the physician has good reason to believe that participation in the research study will not adversely affect tEhics health of the patients who serve as research subjects.

Appropriate compensation and treatment for subjects who are harmed as a result of participating in research must be ensured. In medical practice and in medical research, most interventions involve risks and burdens. Medical research involving human subjects may only be conducted if the importance of the objective outweighs the risks and burdens to the research subjects.]