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Social Cultural And Political Context Video

Literacy is popularly understood as an ability to read and write in at least one method of writing, an understanding reflected by mainstream dictionaries.

The updated view that literacy always involves social and cultural elements [14] [15] is reflected in UNESCO 's stipulation that literacy is an "ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Such expanded definitions have altered long-standing " rule of thumb " measures of literacy, e.

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By extension, the expansion of these necessary skill-sets became known, variously, as computer literacyinformation literacyand technological literacy. The earliest forms of written communication originated in Sumerlocated in southern Mesopotamia Social Cultural And Political Context BCE. During this era, literacy was "a largely functional matter, propelled by the need to manage the new quantities of information and the new type of governance created by trade and large scale production". Proto-cuneiform texts exhibit not only numerical signs, but also ideograms depicting objects being counted. Egyptian hieroglyphs emerged from BCE and depicted royal iconography that emphasized power amongst other elites. The Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system was the first notation system to have phonetic values. These civilizations used glyphic writing Politocal bar-and-dot numerical notation systems for purposes related to royal iconography and calendar systems. These systematic notations were found inscribed on bones and recorded sacrifices made, tributes received, and animals hunted, which were activities of the elite.

These oracle-bone inscriptions Socila the early ancestors of modern Chinese script and contained logosyllabic script and numerals. Indus script is largely pictorial and has not been deciphered yet.

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It may or may not include abstract signs. It is thought that they wrote from right to left and that read more script is thought to be logographic. Because it has not been deciphered, linguists disagree on whether it is a complete and independent writing system; however, it is genuinely thought to be an independent writing system that emerged in the Harappa culture.

According to social anthropologist Jack Goodythere are two interpretations that regard the origin of the alphabet. Many classical scholars, such Social Cultural And Political Context historian Ignace Gelbcredit the Ancient Greeks for creating the first alphabetic system c. But Goody contests, "The importance of Greek culture of the subsequent history of Western Europe has led to an over-emphasis, by classicists and others, on the addition of specific vowel signs to the set of consonantal Social Cultural And Political Context that had been developed earlier in Western Asia".

Thus, many scholars argue that the ancient Semitic-speaking peoples of northern Canaan modern-day Syria invented the consonantal alphabet as early as BCE. Much of this theory's development is credited to English archeologist Flinders Petriewho, incame across a series of Canaanite inscriptions located in the turquoise mines of Serabit el-Khadem. Ten years later, English Egyptologist Alan Gardiner reasoned that these letters contain an alphabet, as well as references to the Canaanite goddess Asherah.

InWilliam F. Albright deciphered the text using additional evidence that had been discovered subsequent Contexr Goody's findings. This included a series of inscriptions from Ugaritdiscovered in by French archaeologist Claude F. Some of these inscriptions were mythological texts written in an early Canaanite dialect that consisted of a letter cuneiform consonantal alphabet.

Another significant discovery was made in when three arrowheads were uncovered, each containing identical Canaanite inscriptions from twelfth century BCE. According to Frank Moore Crossthese inscriptions consisted of alphabetic signs that originated during the transitional development from pictographic script to a linear alphabet. Moreover, he asserts, "These inscriptions also provided clues to extend the decipherment of earlier and later alphabetic texts". The consonantal system of the Canaanite script inspired alphabetical developments in subsequent systems. During the Late Bronze Agesuccessor alphabets appeared throughout the Mediterranean region and were employed for PhoenicianHebrew and Aramaic.]