Essay On The Middle East - amazonia.fiocruz.br

Ever since the late s, when Israel constituted the first case of nuclear proliferation outside of the five recognized nuclear weapons states the US, China, France, UK, and Esway Soviet Unionthe threat of weapons of mass destruction has long ranked as one of the leading sources of regional instability.

The spread of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons programs throughout the region, the recurring use of chemical weapons in continue reading conflicts, most recently in the context of the Syrian civil war, and the threat and Essay On The Middle East use of force to counter WMD threats, most notably by the United States and Israel, have become ever present features in the volatile security landscape of the Middle East.

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While the threat of regional WMD proliferation has been Midvle subject of much academic scholarship and policy analysis, much less attention has been Essay On The Middle East to the ambitious policy initiative to address it; namely the establishment of a zone free of all weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East WMDFZME. Much of the book reads like a Essay On The Middle East Mddle on the multiple WMD proliferation challenges facing the region, as well as the complex technical, diplomatic, and regional security issues that must be addressed in order to establish the zone. A regional nuclear fuel bank under international supervision would dissuade countries of the region from developing their own fuel cycle by providing an assured supply of nuclear fuel for their civil nuclear programs. Essxy various other regions have benefited from the creation of nuclear weapons-free zones, never before has there been an attempt to negotiate a regional zone free of all classes of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear, chemical and biological.

The broad scope of prohibition, the elaborate treaty framework required to anchor the legal basis for such a zone, and the exacting verification provisions necessary to ensure effective compliance all constitute a set of highly demanding read more without precedent in the realm of arms control or disarmament. However, the challenge of the zone endeavor stems not just from the need to satisfy these stringent conditions. The issue of WMD disarmament in the Middle East is itself connected through complex linkages to the broader global nonproliferation regime, the constantly shifting matrix of Middle East regional security politics, and the intricacies of the US-Israeli alliance—all of which pose formidable challenges to the zone project. Middls book does not adequately untangle these linkages, offering only a cursory treatment on many of the key questions that could have benefited from a On Threats Questions Opportunities And in-depth analysis.

For example, the authors do not delve into the motivating factors prompting regional states to expend scarce resources, as well as tolerate much risk, in the pursuit of WMD programs. Notably, the authors avoid any acknowledgement of, or insight into, the military dimensions of the program; a fact that is widely accepted by the international community, including the International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA.

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Without understanding the underlying Essay On The Middle East of regional proliferation, it is difficult to understand how to address them through the zone. No less important is the issue of devising a diplomatic process to negotiate the creation of the zone. This in turn, raises a series of fundamental questions. Should the zone be negotiated at the global level through the United Nations or the periodic review conferences of the NPT, or at the regional level between countries of the Middle East? What of the fact that many states in the region do not even have diplomatic relations, or indeed even accept Middlw legitimacy of their regional rivals?

And what should be the role of outside powers that must also undertake commitments of their own in order to keep the zone WMD-free?

How the United States in particular should relate to the zone is not addressed, a notable omission given the predominant U. These questions are hardly pedantic. The sensitivity of WMD disarmament has meant that issues of process are as contentious as Ewst substance. How countries talk about the zone, under what terms, and in which particular international or regional forum, are no less important than how WMD programs are dismantled, how this should be verified, and under which legal prohibitions.

An Iran-centric approach

How to negotiate the zone is linked to a more fundamental issue of the relationship between arms control and regional security. This question has long stood as the principal source of contention between Egypt and Israel over the broad approach that should govern regional arms control. As the initiator of the zone proposal and is most forceful advocate, Egypt has argued that the zone can mitigate regional conflict at lower levels of armament, and therefore should not be held Essay On The Middle East to the noble but arduous task of achieving peace in the Middle East. Failure to reconcile these fundamentally divergent approaches to arms control has constituted one of the primary obstacles to advancing the cause of Middle East disarmament over the past four decades. Furthermore, the authors correctly observe how the JCPOA itself offers a fascinating case study of how the issues of arms control and regional security can Essay On The Middle East compartmentalized.

Yet, U. The decision of the Trump Administration to withdraw the United States from the JCPOA, has prompted Iran to gradually walk back many of the restrictions on its nuclear program that it had accepted under the terms of the agreement. The cumulative effect of these measures is to place Iran on a trajectory toward achieving a breakout capacity— the ability to rapidly constitute a military nuclear capability—which is precisely the outcome that the JCPOA was intended to forestall. The Biden Administration recognizes the urgency of this threat and https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/is-lafayette-a-hidden-ivy/theme-of-death-as-explored-in-crabbit.php clearly enunciated that reviving the JCPOA will be among its foremost foreign policy priorities.

This ad-hoc approach has long characterized the U. Unfortunately, this approach has proven to be inadequate in halting the proliferation trend in the region.

The absence of a comprehensive approach for a region-wide disarmament framework which is at the heart of the zone proposal has only abetted this trend. Yet, Mousavian and Kiyaei have provided us with a valuable blueprint for such an endeavor. Throughout his career, he served in numerous positions including director of the Egyptian Press and Information Office in Washington D.]