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The term variable-length subnet mask VLSM refers to the fact that a network can configure with different subnet mask. The basic idea behind VLSM is to offer more flexibility by dividing a network into multiple subnets while optimizing the allocation of varying amounts of host space between subnets. Without VLSM, only one subnet mask can apply to an entire network. It would restrict the number of hosts given the number of subnets required. If you select the subnet mask so that it has enough subnets, you might not be able to assign enough host numbers in each subnet. The same is true for hosts; A mask that allows enough hosts may not provide enough subnet space. VLSM provides the ability to assign subnets with varying numbers of hosts, allowing the network administrator to use the address space better. The word network protocol designates a set of rules or conventions to carry out a particular task. Computer Networks And Its Impact On The.

Not long ago, a breach that compromised the data of a few million people would have been big news.

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Now, breaches that affect hundreds of millions or even billions of people are far too common. About 3. The smallest incident on this list involved the data of a mere million people.

CSO compiled this list of the biggest 21 st Century breaches using simple criteria: The number of people whose data was compromised. We also made a Computer Networks And Its Impact On The between incidents where data was stolen for malicious intent and those where an organization inadvertently left data unprotected and exposed. Twitter, for example, left the passwords of its million users unmasked in a log, but there was no evidence of any misuse. So, Twitter did not make this list. Without further ado, here, listed in alphabetical order, are the 15 biggest data breaches in recent history, including who was affected, who was responsible, and how the companies responded. Date: Networjs Impact: The stolen data spanned 20 years on six databases and included names, email addresses and passwords. The weak SHA-1 hashing algorithm protected most of those passwords.

Canva says the hackers managed to view, but not steal, files with partial credit card and payment data. The suspected culprit s — known as Gnosticplayers — contacted ZDNet to boast about the incident, saying that Canva had detected their attack and closed their data breach server. The attacker also Computter to have gained OAuth login tokens for users who signed in via Google. Ad company confirmed the incident and subsequently notified users, prompted them to change passwords, and reset OAuth tokens. However, according to a later post by Canvaa list of approximately 4 million Canva accounts containing stolen Civil Rights Discrimination passwords was later decrypted and shared online, leading the company to invalidate unchanged passwords and Computer Networks And Its Impact On The users with unencrypted passwords in the list.

The online auction giant said hackers used the credentials of three corporate employees to access its network and had complete access for days—more than enough time to compromise the user database. The company asked customers to change their passwords. The company was criticized at the time for a lack of communication with its users and poor implementation of the password-renewal process.

The breach was discovered on July 29, but the company says that it likely started in mid-May.

That number was raised to Equifax was faulted for a number of security and response lapses. Chief among them was that the application vulnerability that allowed the attackers access was unpatched. Inadequate system segmentation made lateral movement easy for the attackers.

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Equifax was also slow to report the breach. Dubsmash acknowledged the breach and sale of information had occurred — and provided advice around password changing — but failed to say how the attackers got in or confirm how many users were affected. The breach was discovered in January Computer Networks And Its Impact On The Visa and MasterCard notified Heartland of suspicious transactions from accounts it had processed. The attackers exploited a known vulnerability to perform a SQL injection attack.

Security analysts had warned retailers about the vulnerability for several years, and it made SQL injection the most common Computer Networks And Its Impact On The of attack against websites at the time. The Heartland breach was a rare example where authorities caught the attacker. A federal grand jury indicted Albert Gonzalez and two unnamed Russian accomplices in Gonzalez, a Cuban American, was alleged to have masterminded the international operation that stole the credit and debit cards. He was sentenced in March to 20 years in federal prison.

However, it has also fallen victim to leaking user data in the past. In the company announced that 6. LinkedIn acknowledged that it had been made aware of the breach, and said it had reset the passwords of affected accounts. Date: Impact: million customers Details: Marriott International announced in November that attackers had stolen data on approximately million customers. The breach initially occurred on systems supporting Starwood hotel brands starting in The attackers remained in the system after Marriott acquired Starwood in and were not discovered until September ]