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Biotinalso called vitamin B 7is one of the B vitamins. Biotin deficiency can be caused by inadequate dietary intake rare or inheritance of one or more inborn genetic disorders that affect biotin metabolism. The most common among these is biotinidase deficiency. Low activity of this enzyme causes a failure to recycle biotin from biocytin. Rarer are carboxylase and biotin https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/perception-checking-examples/language-learning-methods-of-listening.php deficiences.

Treatment is lifelong dietary supplement with biotin. Biotin is a water-soluble B-vitamin.

It is composed of a ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. The ureido ring containing the —N—CO—N— group acts as the carbon dioxide carrier in carboxylation reactions.

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Biotin is a coenzyme for five carboxylase enzymes, which are involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, synthesis of fatty acidsand gluconeogenesis. At that time there was insufficient information to establish estimated average requirement or recommended dietary allowance, terms that exist for most vitamins. In instances such as this, the Academy sets adequate intakes AIs with the understanding that at some later date, when the physiological effects of biotin are better understood, AIs will Ckfactors replaced by more exact information. For biotin, however, there Use Of Cofactors For Consumer Chemicals Manufactured no UL because adverse effects of high biotin intake have not been determined. For US food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of daily value. Biotin is stable at room temperature and is not destroyed by cooking. According to the Global Chsmicals Data Exchange, biotin deficiency is so rare that no countries require that foods be fortified.

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Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin. Consumption of large amounts as a dietary supplement results in absorption, followed by excretion into urine as biotin. Consumption of biotin as part of a normal diet results Use Of Cofactors For Consumer Chemicals Manufactured urinary excretion of biotin and biotin metabolites. Biotin in food is bound to proteins. Digestive enzymes reduce the proteins to biotin-bound peptides. The intestinal enzyme biotinidasefound in pancreatic secretions and in the brush border membranes of all three parts of the small intestinefrees biotin, which is then absorbed from the small intestine. Transport across the jejunum is faster than across the ileum. The large intestine microbiota synthesize amounts of biotin estimated to be similar to the amount taken in the diet, and a significant portion of this biotin exists in the free protein-unbound form and, thus, is available for absorption.

How much is absorbed in humans is unknown, although a review did report that human epithelial cells of the colon in vitro demonstrated an ability to update biotin. Once absorbed, sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter SMVT mediates biotin uptake into the liver.

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Biotin catabolism occurs via two pathways. In one, the valeric acid sidechain is cleaved, resulting in bisnorbiotin. In the Manudactured pathway, the sulfur is oxidized, resulting in biotin sulfoxide. Urine content is proportionally about half biotin, plus bisnorbiotin, biotin sulfoxide and small amounts of other metabolites. Chronic alcohol use is associated with a significant reduction in plasma biotin. In pregnancy, this may be due to a possible acceleration of biotin catabolismwhereas, in lactation, the higher demand has yet to be elucidated.]