Colonial Americ When Slavery Got Mean - opinion
Anthony Johnson b. He was one of the first African American property owners and had his right to legally own a slave recognized by the Virginia courts. Held as an indentured servant in , he earned his freedom after several years, and was granted land by the colony. He later became a successful tobacco farmer in Maryland. He attained great wealth after completing his term as an indentured servant, and has been referred to as "'the black patriarch' of the first community of Negro property owners in America". In the early s, slave traders captured a man in Portuguese Angola , named him Antonio, and sold him into the Atlantic slave trade. Antonio was bought by a colonist in Virginia. As an indentured servant, Antonio worked for a merchant at the Virginia Company. He sailed to Virginia in aboard the James. The Virginia Muster census of lists his name as "Antonio not given," recorded as "a Negro" in the "notes" column.Very grateful: Colonial Americ When Slavery Got Mean
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Slavery in the Spanish American colonies was an economic and social institution which existed throughout the Spanish Empire.
In its American territories, it initially bound indigenous people and later slaves of African origin. The Spanish progressively restricted and outright https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/mormon-bank-utah/scientific-experiment.php the enslavement of Native Americans in the early years of the Spanish Empire with the Laws Colonial Americ When Slavery Got Mean Burgos of and the New Laws of The latter led to the abolition of the Encomiendaprivate grants of groups of Native Americans to individual Spaniards as Colonial Americ When Slavery Got Mean as to Native American nobility.
Spain had a precedent for slavery as an institution since it had existed in Spain itself since the times of the Roman Empire. The Crown attempted to limit the bondage of indigenous people, rejecting forms of slavery based on race. Conquistadors regarded indigenous forced labor and tribute as rewards for participation in the conquest and the Crown gave some conquerors encomiendas. Technically, the indigenous people held in encomienda were not slaves, but their unpaid labor was mandatory and coerced, [2] and while in theory they were "cared for" by the person in whose charge they were placed encomendadothis might mean offering them the Christian religion and other perceived by the Spaniards benefits of European civilziation. With the collapse of indigenous populations in the Caribbean, where Spaniards created permanent settlements starting inSpaniards raided other islands and the mainland for indigenous people to enslave on Hispaniola.
With the rise of sugar cultivation as an export product, Spaniards increasingly utilized enslaved Africans for labor on commercial plantations. Spanish slavery in the Americas diverged from other European colonies in that it took on an early abolitionist stance towards Native American slavery.
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Although it did not directly CColonial in the trans-Atlantic slave tradeblack slaves were sold throughout the Spanish Empire, particularly in Caribbean territories. This trade helped transfer American wealth to Europe and promoted racial hierarchies castas throughout the empire. Since Spaniards themselves were barred by the Crown from participating in the Atlantic slave trade, the right to export slaves in these territories, known as the Colinial de Negros was a major foreign policy objective of other European powers, sparking numerous European wars such as the War of Spanish Succession and the War of Jenkin's Ear. In the mid-nineteenth century when most countries in the Americas reformed to Colonial Americ When Slavery Got Mean chattel slaveryCuba and Puerto Rico — the last two remaining Spanish American colonies — were among the last, followed only by Brazil.
Enslaved people challenged their captivity in ways that ranged from introducing non-European elements into Christianity syncretism to mounting alternative societies outside the plantation system Maroons.
The first open black rebellion occurred in Spanish plantations in Altogether, the struggle against slavery in the Spanish American colonies left a notable tradition of opposition that set the stage for conversations about human rights.
The Roman Empire extensively utilized chattel slavery for labor, private property that could be disposed at will, and slaves' status was specified in the Code of Justinian, but slaves' ethnicity or race was not specified.
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With the rise of Christianity, the status of slaves was not altered, but slaves were to be converted to Christianity. Christians were in theory banned from enslaving fellow Christians, but the practice persisted. With the rise of Islam, and the conquest of most of the Iberian peninsula in the eighth century, slavery declined in remaining Iberian Christian kingdoms.
Muslims were resistant to conversion to Christianity, and they did not enslave fellow believers. Latin Christianity gradually diminished enslavement of fellow Christians. Conquered Muslims were enslaved with the justification conversion Meaj acculturation, but Muslim captives were often offered back to their families and communities for cash payments rescate. The thirteenth-century code of law, the Siete Partidas of Alfonso "the learned" — specified who could be enslaved: those who were captured in just war; offspring of an enslaved mother; those who voluntarily sold themselves into slavery, and specified slaves' good treatment by their masters.
At the time it was generally domestic slavery and was a temporary condition of Cplonial of outgroups. They considered the indigenous populations there more animal than human [ citation needed ]supposedly justifying their enslavement. The Canary Islands came under Castilian control, and by the early sixteenth century the indigenous population had Colonial Americ When Slavery Got Mean been decimated and African slave labor replaced indigenously. Multiple West African states were participants in slave raiding and trading, Cplonial the slaves the Castilians purchased were considered legitimate slaves. Slave-trading African states accepted a variety of European goods, including firearms, horses, and other desirable goods in exchange for slaves.
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Both the Spanish and the Portuguese colonized the Atlantic islands off the coast of Africa, where they engaged in sugar cane production following the model of Mediterranean production. The sugar complex consisted of slave labor for cultivation and processing, with the sugar mill ingenio and equipment established with significant investor capital.
When plantation slavery was established in Spanish America and Brazil, they replicated the elements of the complex in the New World on a Colonial Americ When Slavery Got Mean larger scale. The Portuguese exploration of the African coast and the division of overseas territories via the Treaty of Tordesillas meant that the African slave trade was held by the Portuguese.
However, demand for African slaves as the Spanish established themselves in the Caribbean meant that became part of the Spanish Empire 's social Mena.
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Black slaves in Spain were overwhelmingly domestic servants, and increasingly became prestigious property for elite Spanish households though at a much smaller scale than the Portuguese. Artisans acquired black slaves and trained them in their trade, Whrn the artisans' output. Another form of forced labor used in the New World with origins in Spain was the encomiendaon the model of the award of the labor to Christian victors over Muslims during the reconquista.]
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