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Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to planet Earth.

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This is a branch of science dealing with the physical and chemical constitution of Earth and its atmosphere. Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary sciencebut with a much older history. Earth science encompasses four main branches of study, the lithospherethe hydrospherethe atmosphereand the biosphereeach of which is further broken down into more specialized fields. There are both reductionist and holistic A Experiment On The Geologic And Field to Earth sciences. It is also the study of Earth and its neighbors in space. Some Earth scientists use their knowledge of the planet to locate and develop energy and mineral resources.

Others study the impact of human activity on Earth's environment, and design methods to protect the planet. Some use their knowledge about Earth processes such as volcanoesearthquakesand hurricanes to plan communities that will not expose people to these dangerous events.

Earth sciences can include the study of geologythe lithosphereand the large-scale structure of Earth's interior, as well as the atmospherehydrosphereand biosphere. Typically, Earth scientists use tools from geology, chronologyphysicschemistrygeographybiologyand mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how Earth works and evolves.

Earth science affects our everyday lives. For example, meteorologists study the weather and watch for dangerous storms. Hydrologists examine water and warn of floods.

Seismologists study earthquakes and try to understand where they will strike. Geologists study rocks and help to locate useful minerals. Earth scientists often work in the field—perhaps climbing mountains, exploring the seabed, crawling through caves, or wading in swamps. They measure and collect samples such as rocks or river waterthen they record their findings on charts and maps. The following fields of science are generally categorized within the Earth sciences:. Plate tectonicsmountain ranges, volcanoesand earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the Earth's crust. Beneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements.

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The mantle is not quite solid and consists of A Experiment On The Geologic And Field which is in a state of semi-perpetual convection. This convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as plate tectonics. Experimnt tectonics might be thought of as the process by which the Earth is resurfaced. As the result of seafloor spreadingnew crust and lithosphere is created by the flow of magma from the mantle to the near surface, through fissures, where it cools and solidifies. Through subductionoceanic crust and lithosphere returns to the convecting mantle.

Areas of the crust where new crust is created are called divergent boundariesthose where it is brought back into the Earth are convergent boundaries and those where plates slide past each other, but no new lithospheric material is created or destroyed, are referred to as transform or conservative boundaries [11] [13] [15] Earthquakes result from the movement of the lithospheric plates, and they often occur near convergent boundaries where parts of the crust are forced into the earth Geolkgic part of subduction. Volcanoes result primarily from the melting of subducted crust material.

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Crust material that is forced into the asthenosphere melts, and some portion of the melted material becomes light enough to rise to the surface—giving birth to volcanoes. The tropospherestratospheremesospherethermosphereand exosphere are the five layers which make up Earth's atmosphere. In all, the atmosphere is made up of about In addition to the nitrogen, oxygen, and argon there are small amounts of other gases including CO 2 and water vapor.

In addition to storing heat, the atmosphere also protects living organisms by shielding the Earth's surface from cosmic rays —which are often incorrectly thought to be deflected by the magnetic field.]