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Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of one's idealised self-image and attributes. The term originated from Greek mythologywhere a young man named Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water. Narcissism or pathological self-absorption was first identified as link disorder in by Havelock Ellis [1] and featured in subsequent psychological models, e.

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The American Psychiatric Association has listed the classification narcissistic personality disorder in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM sincedrawing on the historical concept of megalomania. It is distinct from concepts of distinguishing the self egocentrism or egoism and healthy forms of responsibility and care for oneself " primary narcissism ". Narcissism by contrast is considered a problem for relationships with self and others and for maintaining a functional culture. In trait personality theory it features in several self-report personality inventories including the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory.

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It Dirtu one of the three dark triadic personality traits the others being psychopathy and Machiavellianism. This caused Narcissus to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus "lay gazing enraptured into the pool, hour after hour," and finally changed into a flower that bears his name, the narcissus. In ancient Greece the concept was understood as hubris. It is only since the late s that narcissism has been defined in psychological terms.

The grandiose variant, which is usually measured using the NPI is strongly linked to the DSM-IV conceptualization and is the variant associated with NPDa Cluster B personality disorder which reflect traits related to self-importance, entitlement, aggression, and dominance. Vulnerable narcissism reflects a defensive and fragile grandiosity, which Drity mainly as a cover for feelings of inadequacy.

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Vulnerable narcissism characterized by hypersensitivity, defensiveness, and withdrawal and is here associated with BPDwhich is characterized by the fear Liffe abandonment, interpersonal and affective instability, impulsivity, chronic feelings of emptiness, suicidal ideation, and self-mutilation.

Pathological narcissism is when both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism is concurrent, which is linked to poor self-esteem, lack of empathy, feelings of shame, interpersonal distress, aggression, and significant impairments in personality functioning across both clinical and non-clinical samples.

Pathological narcissism, as measured by the Pathological Narcissism Inventory PNIis embedded within the personality disorders organized at the borderline level, which include antisocial, borderline, narcissistic personality disorders.]