Williams Syndrome As A Neurodevelopmental Disorder - amazonia.fiocruz.br

Williams Syndrome As A Neurodevelopmental Disorder - are

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of disorders that affect the development of the nervous system , leading to abnormal brain function [1] which may affect emotion , learning ability , self-control , and memory. The effects of neurodevelopmental disorders tend to last for a person's lifetime. A narrower use of the term refers to a disorder of brain function that affects emotion , learning ability , self-control and memory which unfolds as an individual develops and grows. Other disorders classified as neurodevelopmental disorders by some researchers include schizophrenia , [6] [7] [8] [9] bipolar disorder , [10] [11] obsessive-compulsive disorder , [12] anxiety disorders , [13] [14] conduct disorder , [15] [16] and antisocial personality disorder. The multitude of neurodevelopmental disorders span a wide range of associated symptoms and severity, resulting in different degrees of mental, emotional, physical, and economic consequences for individuals, and in turn families, social groups, and society. The development of the nervous system is tightly regulated and timed; it is influenced by both genetic programs and the environment. Any significant deviation from the normal developmental trajectory early in life can result in missing or abnormal neuronal architecture or connectivity. These range from social deprivation, genetic and metabolic diseases , immune disorders , infectious diseases , nutritional factors, physical trauma , and toxic and environmental factors. Some neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism and other pervasive developmental disorders , are considered multifactorial syndromes which have many causes that converge to a more specific neurodevelopmental manifestation. Deprivation from social and emotional care causes severe delays in brain and cognitive development. Williams Syndrome As A Neurodevelopmental Disorder

The autism spectrum encompasses a range of neurodevelopmental conditions, Williamd autism and Asperger syndromegenerally known as autism spectrum disorders ASD. Individuals on the autistic spectrum experience difficulties with social communication and interaction and also exhibit restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

Symptoms are typically recognized between one and two years of age in boys. Final diagnosis could still be given as an adolescent or even as an adult. The cause of autism spectrum conditions is uncertain.

Treatment efforts are generally individualized and can include behavioural therapy and the teaching of coping skills. Autism forms the core of the autism spectrum disorders. Asperger syndrome is closest to autism in signs and likely causes; [20] unlike autism, people with Asperger syndrome have no significant delay in language development or cognitive developmentaccording to the older DSM-IV criteria. Some sources also continue reading Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorderwhich share several signs Disroder autism but may have unrelated causes; other sources differentiate them from ASD, but group all of the above conditions into the pervasive developmental disorders.

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Autism, Asperger syndrome, and PDD-NOS are sometimes called the autistic disorders instead of ASD, [23] whereas autism itself is often called autistic disorderchildhood autismor infantile autism. Slightly different diagnostic definitions are used in other countries.

Rather than categorizing these diagnoses, the DSM-5 has adopted a dimensional approach to diagnosing disorders that fall underneath Williams Syndrome As A Neurodevelopmental Disorder autism spectrum umbrella. Some have proposed that individuals on the autism spectrum may be better represented as a single diagnostic category. Within this category, the DSM-5 has proposed a framework of Neurodevelopkental each individual by dimensions of severity, as well as associated features i. Another change to the DSM includes collapsing social and communication deficits into one domain.

The restricting of onset age has also been loosened from 3 years of age to "early developmental period", with a note that symptoms may manifest later when social demands Synsrome capabilities. Autism spectrum disorder ASD is characterized by persistent challenges with social communication and social interaction, and by the presence of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These include a range of gestures and behaviors as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual for Mental Disorders.

Wiliams Asperger syndrome was distinguished from autism in the DSM-IV by the lack of delay or deviance in early language development. Most parents report that the onset of autism symptoms occur within the first year of life. One course of development is more gradual in nature, in which parents report concerns in development over the first two years of life and diagnosis is made around 3—4 years of age. Some of the early signs of ASDs in this course include decreased looking at faces, failure to turn when name is called, failure to show interests by showing or pointing, and delayed imaginative play.

A second course of development is characterized by normal or near-normal development in the first 15 months to 3 years before onset of regression or loss of skills. Regression may occur in a variety of domains, including communication, social, cognitive, and self-help skills; however, the most common regression is loss of language. There continues to be a debate over the differential outcomes based on these two developmental courses. Some studies suggest that regression is associated with poorer outcomes and others report no differences between those with early gradual onset and those who experience a regression period. Impairments in social skills present many challenges for individuals with ASD. Deficits in social skills may lead to problems with friendships, romantic relationships, daily living, and vocational success.

Prior todeficits in social function and communication were considered two separate symptoms of autism.]