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Inspired by the humanistic, student-centered ideals of Soka education, primary school principal Huang Lihong of Taiwan Soka Association talks about how putting the well-being of students, staff and faculty first helped revolutionize every aspect of the school, eventually leading it to gain national recognition. The second article in a two-part series. Includes playlists on Buddhist practice for beginners, members' stories from around the world and Soka Gakkai activities for peace. Soka Gakkai global Official sgi. About the Soka Gakkai. Legacy of the Founding Presidents. A Global Organization. Buddhist lineage. Lotus Sutra. Lives of the Founding Presidents.

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Dutch Empire [c]. United Kingdom until Japanese volunteers : dead [6].

United Kingdom : 1, dead [10] Japan : 1, dead [11]. Post- RTC. The Indonesian National Revolutionor Indonesian War of Independencewas an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia.

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It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in and the Netherlands ' recognition of Indonesia's independence at the end of The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions.

Dutch military forces and, for a while, the forces of the World War II Allies were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Republican heartlands on Java and Sumatra but could not control the countryside. Byinternational pressure on the Netherlands and the partial military stalemate became such that it recognised Indonesian independence. The revolution marked the end of the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indiesexcept for New Guinea. It also significantly changed ethnic castes as well as reducing the power of many of the local rulers raja.

It did not significantly improve the economic or political fortune of the majority of The Revolution And Its Effects On The population, although a few Indonesians were able to gain a larger role in commerce. Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam and others pursued strategies of co-operation by joining the Dutch initiated Volksraad "People's Council" in the hope that Indonesia would be granted self-rule. The occupation of Indonesia by Japan for three and a half years during World War II was a crucial factor in the subsequent revolution.

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The Netherlands had little ability to defend its colony against the Japanese armyand Rfvolution only three months of their initial attacks, the Japanese had occupied the Dutch East Indies. In Java, and to a lesser extent in Sumatra Indonesia's two dominant islandsmore info Japanese spread and encouraged nationalist sentiment.

Although this was done more for Japanese political advantage than from altruistic support of Indonesian independence, this support created new Indonesian institutions including local neighbourhood organisations and elevated political leaders such as Sukarno. Just as significantly for the subsequent revolution, the Japanese destroyed and replaced much of the Dutch-created economic, administrative, and political infrastructure.

On 7 Septemberwith the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister Koiso promised independence for Indonesia, but no date was set. Under pressure from radical and politicised pemuda 'youth' groups, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independenceon 17 Augusttwo days after the Japanese Emperor's surrender in the Pacific.

Matters which concern the transfer of power etc. Djakarta, 17 August [22]. Translation by the Ministry of Foreign AffairsOctober [23]. It was mid-September before news of the declaration of independence spread to the outer islands, and many Indonesians far from the capital Jakarta did not believe it.

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As the news spread, most Indonesians came to regard themselves as pro-Republican, and a mood of revolution swept across the country. These strikes were only fully broken in July The resulting power vacuums in the weeks following the Japanese surrender, created an atmosphere of uncertainty, but also one of opportunity for the Republicans. The most disciplined were soldiers from the Japanese-formed but disbanded Giyugun PETAvolunteer army and Heiho local soldiers employed by Japanese armed forces groups.

Many groups were EEffects, due to both the circumstances of their formation and what they perceived as revolutionary spirit.

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In the first weeks, Japanese troops often withdrew from urban areas to avoid confrontations. By Septembercontrol of major infrastructure installations, including railway stations and trams in Java's largest cities, had been taken over by Republican pemuda who encountered little Japanese resistance. On most islands, struggle committees and militia were set up. Republican leaders struggled to Thw to terms with popular sentiment; some wanted passionate armed struggle; others a more reasoned approach.

Some leaders, such as the leftist Tan Malakaspread the idea that this was a revolutionary struggle to be led and won by the Indonesian pemuda. Sukarno and Hatta, in contrast, were more interested in planning out a government and institutions to achieve independence through diplomacy. It was common for ethnic 'out-groups' — Dutch internees, EurasianAmbonese and Chinese — and anyone considered to be a spy, to be subjected to intimidation, kidnap, robbery, murder and organised massacres.]