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African Perspectives on China

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The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous LiaoWestern Xia and Jin dynasties to its north. It was eventually conquered by the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy.

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This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowderas well as the first discernment of true north using a compass. During this time, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an Society And Culture Of China Under The Hangzhou. Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional "birthplace of Chinese civilization" along the Yellow Riverthe Song economy was still strong, as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land.

The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad. To repel the Jin, and later the Mongols, the Song developed revolutionary new military technology augmented by the use of gunpowder.

Inthe Jin dynasty was conquered by the Mongols, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song. His younger brother Kublai Khan was proclaimed the new Great Khan, though his claim was only partially recognized by the Mongols in the west. The Mongol invasion eventually led to a Chinese reunification under the Yuan dynasty.

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The population of China doubled in size during the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries. This growth was made possible by expanded rice cultivation in central and southern Song, the use of early-ripening rice from south-east and southern Asia, and the production of widespread food surpluses.

The expansion of the hTe, growth of cities, and the emergence of a national economy led to the gradual withdrawal of the central government from direct involvement in economic affairs. The lower gentry assumed a larger role in grassroots administration and local affairs. Appointed officials in county and provincial centers relied upon the scholarly gentry for their services, sponsorship, and local supervision. Social life during the Song was vibrant. Citizens gathered to view and trade precious artworks, the populace intermingled at public festivals and Society And Culture Of China Under The clubs, and cities had lively entertainment quarters. The spread of literature and knowledge was enhanced by the rapid expansion of woodblock printing and the 11th-century invention of movable-type printing. Technology, science, philosophy, mathematics, and engineering flourished over the course of the Song.

Philosophers such as Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi reinvigorated Confucianism with new commentary, click here with Buddhist ideals, and emphasized a new organization of classic texts that brought out the core doctrine of Neo-Confucianism. Although the institution of the civil service examinations had existed since the Sui dynastyit became much more prominent in the Song period.

The officials who gained power by succeeding Culthre the imperial examination became a leading factor in the shift from a military-aristocratic elite to a scholar-bureaucratic elite.

Https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/is-lafayette-a-hidden-ivy/storytelling-and-knowledge-management-km.php establishment of this capital marked the start of the Northern Song period. He ensured administrative stability by promoting the civil service examination system of drafting state bureaucrats by skill and merit instead of aristocratic or military position and promoted projects that ensured efficiency in communication throughout the empire. In one such project, cartographers created detailed maps of each province and city that were then collected in a large atlas.

From its inception under Taizu, the Song dynasty alternated between warfare and diplomacy with the ethnic Khitans of the Liao dynasty in the northeast and with the Tanguts of the Western Xia in the northwest. The Song dynasty used military force in an attempt Culturs quell the Liao dynasty and to recapture the Sixteen Prefecturesa territory under Khitan control since that was traditionally considered to be part of China proper Most parts of today's Beijing and Tianjin.

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The Song were forced to provide tribute to the Khitans, although this did little damage to the Song economy since the Khitans were economically dependent upon importing massive amounts of goods from the Song. The Song dynasty managed to win several military victories over the Tanguts in the early 11th century, culminating in a campaign led by the polymath scientist, general, and statesman Shen Click — During the 11th Society And Culture Of China Under The, political rivalries divided members of the court due to the ministers' differing approaches, opinions, and policies regarding the handling of the Song's complex society and thriving economy.

The idealist ChancellorFan Zhongyan —was the first to receive a heated political backlash when he attempted to institute the Qingli Reformswhich included measures such as improving the recruitment system of officials, increasing the salaries for minor officials, and establishing sponsorship programs to allow a wider range of people to be well educated and eligible for state service. After Fan was forced to step down from his office, Wang Anshi — became Chancellor of the imperial court.]