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Schumann's ACCULTURATION Theory - Presentation

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Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how aspects of a person's social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege. Examples of these aspects are gender , caste , sex , race , class , sexuality , religion , disability , physical appearance , [1] [2] and height. Intersectionality broadens the lens of the first and second waves of feminism , which largely focused on the experiences of women who were both white and middle-class , to include the different experiences of women of color , women who are poor , immigrant women , and other groups. Intersectional feminism aims to separate itself from white feminism by acknowledging women's different experiences and identities. Intersectionality is a qualitative analytic framework developed in the late 20th century that identifies how interlocking systems of power affect those who are most marginalized in society [8] and takes these relationships into account when working to promote social and political equity. Criticism includes the framework's tendency to reduce individuals to specific demographic factors, [10] its use as an ideological tool against other feminist theories, [11] and its association with antisemitism. As it is based in standpoint theory , critics say the focus on subjective experiences can lead to contradictions and the inability to identify common causes of oppression. Identities most commonly referenced in the fourth wave of feminism include race, gender, sex, sexuality, class, ability, nationality, citizenship, religion and body type. Despite being coined in , the term Intersectionality was not adopted widely by feminists until the s and has only grown since that time. Intersectionality is a notion that provides reasoning for certain instances of oppression in society. Schumann s Acculturation Theory Factors And How

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Adolescents and emerging adults who engage in risky sexual behaviors RSBs , such as inconsistent condom use, having multiple partners, having sex at a young age, and having sex while intoxicated or high, are at elevated risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases STDs and unplanned pregnancy. The chapter discusses the relationship of acculturation along with associated intrapersonal and interpersonal mediators and moderators with RSB outcomes. Acculturation can be a protective or risk-enhancing factor for RSBs among adolescents. Intrapersonal variables, such as academic achievement, sexual intention, and sexual health knowledge, and interpersonal variables, such as parent, peer, and partner relationships, can act as mediators between acculturation and RSBs. The strength of these relationships may be further moderated by religiosity and gender. Implications for future research and interventions are proposed.

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Our purpose is to investigate whether two underlying forms of the color-evasive ideology i. Mean scores on these two types of color-evasive ideology also differed substantially, indicating that participants across the two studies mainly endorsed the stressing similarities perspective. The stressing similarities and ignoring differences ideologies related differently to other ss ideologies i. Intergroup ideologies permeate the political, societal, and educational fronts of many https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/essay-writing-format-cbse-class-12/differentiating-between-market-structures-whole-foods.php societies, including Germany. Most of the intergroup ideologies literature applied to the school context focuses on the divide between multiculturalism and color-evasiveness Footnote 1 Thijs and Verkuytentwo fundamentally different and conflicting ideologies.

Yet within these ideologies, the operationalization and measurement may vary. Notably, variations within the same ideologies might be linked to the context i.

Seth J. Schwartz and Jennifer Unger

Compared to multiculturalism, implementation of color-evasive ideology in the school context is associated with negative outcomes for ethnic minority students Phalet and Baysu However, findings of research on color-evasiness conducted outside the United States are inconclusive, leading to conflicting evidence. These inconsistencies around color-evasiveness, presumably depending on the different meanings and measurements that studies have attached to this ideology and the context in which it is studied, warrant further investigation.

In this study, we look closely at the distinction between two forms of color-evasive ideology— stressing similarities and ignoring differences. In short, the stressing similarities ideology emphasizes common ground among groups of individuals, whereas the ignoring differences ideology directs attention to the person, and not the social groups the person belongs to Whitley and Webster In two cross-sectional field studies, we seek to offer conceptual clarity and empirical evidence of how two distinct, albeit theoretically related, forms of color-evasive ideology are reflected in two samples of teachers in Germany. As such, intergroup ideologies Schumann s Acculturation Theory Factors And How how different cultural groups Hoe to each other and to the school Phalet and Baysu Beliefs are seen as individual cognitive conceptions in constant relation to behavior and the external environment Bandura One set of beliefs concerns the teaching of students from cultural minority backgrounds.

Thus, it is imperative to understand what beliefs teachers hold towards diverse groups of students. Yet previous studies have shown very different outcomes when teachers are high in one ideology. Our Fadtors takes these differences into consideration.

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We therefore explore the extent to which pre-service, as well as more experienced in-service teachers, endorse beliefs reflecting multiple forms of color-evasiveness. Historians have argued that cultural groups have always interacted and mutually influenced one another Prashad Although multiculturalism and polyculturalism are not immune to critics Civitillo et al. However, research on color-evasive ideology across different outcomes has shown mixed results. The authors concluded that this variation might be linked to the different operationalizations in the questionnaire items used to measure color-evasiveness. Emphasis on common intergroup identity— the stressing similarities ideology —could lower tendencies to focus on group differences and, in turn, counteracting perceptions of out-group homogeneity Rosenthal and Levy ]