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Structure, Synthesis \u0026 Function of ATP - A-level Biology - OCR, AQA, Edexcel

Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates.

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Diverse bile acids are synthesized in the liver. Primary bile acids are those synthesized by the liver. Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon. In humans, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid derivatives of cholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid are the major bile salts.

They are roughly equal in concentration. Bile acids facilitate digestion of dietary fats and oils. They serve as micelle -forming surfactantswhich encapsulate nutrients, facilitating their absorption. Bile acid synthesis occurs in liver cellswhich synthesize primary bile acids cholic Structuure and chenodeoxycholic acid in humans via cytochrome P -mediated oxidation of cholesterol in a multi-step process.

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The rate-limiting step in synthesis is the addition of a hydroxyl group of the 7th position of the steroid nucleus by the enzyme cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. Prior to secreting any of the bile acids primary or secondary, see belowliver cells Usse them with either glycine or taurineto form a total of 8 possible conjugated bile acids.

These conjugated bile acids are often referred to as bile salts. The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.

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Thus conjugated bile acids are almost always in their deprotonated A- form in the duodenum, which makes them much more water-soluble and much more able to fulfil their physiologic function of emulsifying fats. Once secreted into the lumen of the intestine, bile salts are modified by gut bacteria.

They are partially dehydroxylated.]