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Enzymes Video

What are Enzymes?

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These enzyme -catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism. In various diseases, such as type II diabetes , metabolic syndrome , and cancer , normal metabolism is disrupted. Metabolic reactions may be categorized as catabolic — the breaking down of compounds for example, the breaking down of glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration ; or anabolic — the building up synthesis of compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Usually, catabolism releases energy, and anabolism consumes energy. The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways , in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme.

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Enzymes

Recycling plastic requires a big team — from people disposing of used plastic containers in Enzymes correct bins, to the workers transporting it to recycling plants, Enzymes companies using Enzymws plastics in their products. All these people might soon have a new member on team recycling: bacteria. Some researchers and companies are trying to use bacteria to recycle plastics in a new way.

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The process, called enzymatic recycling, employs enzymes that were initially produced by these bacteria to break down the plastics. Researchers have recently learned more about how these enzymes work, and are developing ways to employ them in commercial recycling programs. So, how does enzymatic recycling work? And Emzymes is it different from the way we recycle plastics today? Read Transcript. Casey Crownhart: Outside a plastic recycling plant in Osaka this web page researchers were on the hunt for bacteria.

The group searched high and low, collecting hundreds of samples. They looked everywhere from the dirt outside the plant to the wastewater system. They finally found the holy grail, a species of bacteria, which they later named Ideonella sakaiensis. This bacteria had a very unusual diet: plastic bottles. Since the group published their findings in Enzymes, many researchers Enzymes been trying to Enzyes out if we can use the appetite of this bacteria, or others like it, to recycle plastics in Enzymes new way — a process called enzymatic recycling.

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Plastics are made of long-chained molecules called polymers. There is a huge variety of plastics in the Enzymes. The plastic in water bottles is Enzymes of a polymer called PET, which is colorless, strong and versatile. Polymers can be found in nature, too. Polysaccharides, a type of carbohydrates, for example, are natural polymers. They are made of simple sugars like glucose, which are strung together into long chains. Bacteria, fungi and animals all make enzymes — tools to break down natural polymers into their building blocks — which are then used for energy. The researchers at the recycling plant were surprised to find this bacteria using its toolkit in a new way. The chemical bonds that hold PET together Enzymes pretty similar to bonds that hold together carbohydrates.

Researchers think that the bacteria at the recycling plant evolved to make some tweaks to their digestive toolkits so they could adapt to this new Enzymes source. Since the original discovery of the bacteria, researchers Enzymes purified the enzymes, and others like them, and have used them to break down PET in the lab. Some companies have started using enzymes to recycle PET-based plastic too. A French company called Carbios announced in February that they made the first bottles from PET that had been recycled with Enzymes recycling. The company still needs to scale their technology to use it commercially, but they say they hope to be operating around Inthis meant that about 1.

Enzymes enzymes are not the method of choice — not yet, anyway. Instead, the traditional process for recycling PET is mechanical recycling. Instead of Enzymes down the polymer chains into their building blocks, mechanical recycling relies on heating up the polymer so the chains can move around.

Then, the chains can be reshaped into a new material, sort of like if you melt Enzymes ice cube, then freeze it again into a new shape. But researchers say there are a few main problems with mechanical recycling. First, it can be hard to remove other things that end up in the plastic mixture, like additives that are in the Enzymes material or just other objects that Enzymes mixed up in the recycling bin. These challenges mean Enzymes recycling can take a lot of time and effort, and money. Recycling is usually more expensive than just putting material into a landfill, although cost can vary depending on where you are in the world.

Because of these Enzymes, very few companies recycle Enzymes PET from water bottles into new water bottles, which need to be extremely clean and pretty durable. Recycling requires a lot of energy, for example, to run the machines that are used to process the plastic.]