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Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociologythe original "science of society", established in the 19th century.

In addition to sociology, it now encompasses a wide array of academic disciplinesincluding anthropologyarchaeologyeconomicshuman geographylinguistics no, management sciencemedia studiespolitical sciencepsychologyand history. For a more detailed list of sub-disciplines within the social sciences see: Outline of social science.

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Positivist social scientists use methods resembling those of the natural Bsing as tools for understanding society, and so define science in its stricter modern sense. Interpretivist social scientists, by contrast, Cade use social critique or symbolic interpretation rather than constructing empirically falsifiable theories, and thus treat science in its broader sense.

In modern academic practice, researchers are often eclecticusing multiple methodologies for instance, by combining both quantitative and qualitative research. The term " social research " Case Study on Being a Scientist also acquired a degree of autonomy as practitioners from various disciplines share the same aims and methods. The history of the social sciences begins in the Age of Enlightenment after[1] which saw Case Study on Being a Scientist revolution within natural philosophychanging the basic framework by which individuals understood what was "scientific". Social sciences came forth from the moral philosophy of the time and were influenced by the Age of Revolutionssuch as the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. The beginnings of the social sciences in the 18th century are reflected in the grand encyclopedia of Diderotwith articles from Jean-Jacques Rousseau and other pioneers.

The growth of the social sciences is also reflected in other specialized encyclopedias. The modern period saw " social science " first used as a distinct conceptual field. Auguste Comte used the term " science sociale " to describe the field, taken from the ideas of Charles Fourier ; Comte also referred to the field Beeing social physics. Following this period, five paths of development sprang forth in the social sciences, influenced by Comte in other fields. Large statistical surveys were undertaken in various parts of the United States and Europe.

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A third means developed, arising from the methodological dichotomy present, in which social phenomena were identified with and understood; Sckentist was championed by figures such as Max Weber. The fourth route taken, based in economics, was developed and source economic knowledge as a hard science. The last path was the correlation of knowledge and social values ; the antipositivism and verstehen sociology of Max Weber firmly demanded this distinction. In this route, theory description and prescription were non-overlapping formal discussions of a subject.

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The foundation of social sciences in the West implies conditioned relationships between progressive and traditional spheres of knowledge. In some contexts, such as the Italian one, sociology slowly affirms itself and experiences the difficulty of affirming a strategic knowledge beyond philosophy and theology Cfr.

Guglielmo Rinzivillo, La scienza e l'oggetto. Autocritica del sapere strategico read article, Milan, Franco Angeli editor,p. Around the start of the 20th century, Enlightenment philosophy was challenged in various quarters.

After the use of classical theories since the end of the scientific revolution, various fields substituted mathematics studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure. The development of social science subfields became very quantitative in methodology. The Case Study on Being a Scientist and cross-disciplinary nature of scientific inquiry into human behaviour, social and environmental factors affecting it, made many of the natural sciences interested in some aspects of social science methodology.

Increasingly, quantitative research and qualitative methods are being integrated in the study of human action and its implications and consequences.

In the first half of the 20th century, statistics became a free-standing discipline of applied mathematics. Statistical methods were used confidently. In the contemporary period, Karl Popper and Talcott Parsons influenced the furtherance of the social sciences.]