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Torture In The Middle Ages And Medieval

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A list of torture methods and devices includes:. Note that the line between "torture method" and "torture device" is often blurred, particularly when a specifically named implement is but one component of a method. Also, many devices that can be used for torture have mainstream uses, completely unrelated to torture. These torture devices were devices used in the Middle Ages or early modern period to cause pain , injury , and sometimes death , usually to extract information or a confession from criminals or prisoners , also as punishment for crimes. There are many variants of the chair, though they all have one thing in common: spikes cover the back, arm-rests, seat, leg-rests, and foot-rests. The number of spikes in one of these chairs ranges from to 1, To avoid movement, the victim's wrists were tied to the chair or, in one version, two bars pushed the arms against arm-rests for the spikes to penetrate the flesh even further. In some versions, there were holes under the chair's bottom where the torturer placed coal to cause severe burns while the victim still remained conscious. In other versions, there were weights that would be placed on the victim's thighs or feet.

Such a large team could pool their knowl- edge and share the demanding tasks involved in assisting the delivery. At the same time, their own conduct came under scrutiny. In the English midwife Agnes Marshall was accused of using quasi-magical incantations.

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Indeed, English midwives, poorly paid and sometimes suspected of witchcraft, had a less positive experience than their counterparts in France and Germany, who received professional training and were officially employed by town governments, even if they earned much less than male medical practitioners. Blanche of Anjou, the second queen of James II of Aragon, received the attention Totrure physicians during all 10 of her confinements. Https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/essay/mormon-bank-utah/early-identification-of-hearing-loss.php, she died in soon after the delivery of a daughter. And, if they were aristocratic and merchant-class, that often meant retiring to a birthing chamber a darkened room provided with soft furnishings a month before they expected to give birth.

Medieval hospitals were charitable institutions for the sick poor, and fittingly it was women in unstable domestic situations who found themselves in hospital birth wards.

Unmarried mothers were especially in need of hospital care. Their precarious social situation meant that their infants were often abandoned and needed to be fed by wet nurses at foundling hospitals. It also had beds for wet nurses, and sent infants out to a network of wet nurses in the countryside. And by the end of their careers, these midwives must have had great experience not only of childbirth but also the social difficulties faced by the poorer women that they assisted. While there was official guidance available to women suffering with gynaecological problems, or those needing help with fertility, expert advice on giving birth was far harder to find.

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In the Middle Ages, having a baby was seen as a gAes process rather than a medical problem, and hence did not require the in-depth application of medical theory. And, since physicians tended not to build up practical experience by attending deliveries, it was difficult for them to write about childbirth.

However, Aldobrandino could not offer a medical solution if the child presented in the wrong position, only suggesting that the midwife should manually turn the infant in the womb.]