The Idea Of Natural Selection - amazonia.fiocruz.br

The Idea Of Natural Selection Video

The Darwin Day Lecture 2017, with Lawrence Krauss - Cosmic Natural Selection The Idea Of Natural Selection

The Idea Of Natural Selection - regret, that

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Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Different characteristics tend to exist within any given population as a result of mutationgenetic recombination and other sources of genetic variation.

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The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was conceived independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the midth century and was set out in detail in Darwin's book On the Origin of Species. This is followed by three observable facts about living organisms: 1 traits vary among individuals with respect to their morphology, physiology and behaviour phenotypic variation2 different traits The Idea Of Natural Selection different rates of survival and reproduction differential Selectiion and 3 traits can be passed from generation to generation heritability of fitness.

In the early 20th century, other competing ideas of evolution such as mutationism and orthogenesis were refuted as the modern synthesis reconciled Darwinian evolution with classical geneticswhich established adaptive evolution as being caused by natural selection acting on Mendelian genetic variation.

All life on Earth shares a last universal common ancestor LUCA [10] [11] [12] that lived approximately 3. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped by repeated formations of new species speciationchanges within species anagenesis and loss of species extinction throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Evolutionary biologists have continued to study various aspects of evolution by forming and testing hypotheses as well as constructing theories based on evidence from the field or laboratory and on data generated by the methods of mathematical and theoretical biology.

Their discoveries have influenced not just the development of biology but numerous other scientific and industrial fields, including agriculturemedicine and computer science.

NATURAL SELECTION

The proposal that one type of organism could descend from another type goes back to some of the first pre-Socratic Greek philosopherssuch as Anaximander and Empedocles. In contrast to these materialistic views, Aristotelianism considered all natural things as actualisations of fixed natural possibilities, known as forms. Variations of this idea became the standard The Idea Of Natural Selection of the Middle Continue reading and were integrated into Christian learning, but Aristotle did not demand that real types of organisms always correspond one-for-one with exact metaphysical forms and specifically gave examples of how new types of living things could come to be. In the 17th century, the new method of modern science rejected the Aristotelian approach. It sought explanations of natural phenomena in terms of physical laws that were the same for all visible things and that did not require the existence of any fixed natural categories or divine cosmic order.

However, this new approach was slow to take root in the biological sciences, the last bastion of the concept of fixed natural types. John Ray applied one of the previously more general terms for fixed natural types, "species", to plant and animal types, but he strictly identified each type of living thing as a species and Ifea that each species could be defined by the features that perpetuated themselves generation after generation.

Other naturalists of this time speculated on the evolutionary change of species over time according to natural laws. InPierre Louis Maupertuis wrote of natural modifications occurring during reproduction and accumulating over many generations to produce new species. In particular, Georges Cuvier insisted that species were unrelated and fixed, their similarities reflecting divine design for functional needs.

In the meantime, Ray's ideas of benevolent design had been developed by William Paley into the Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deitywhich proposed complex adaptations as evidence of divine design and which was admired by Charles Darwin. The crucial break from the concept of constant typological classes or types The Idea Of Natural Selection biology came with the theory of evolution through natural selection, which was formulated by Charles Darwin in terms of variable populations.

Darwin used the expression " descent with modification " rather than "evolution".

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In each generation, many offspring fail to survive to an age of Natrual because of limited resources. This could explain the diversity of plants and animals from a common ancestry through the working of natural laws in the same way for all types of organism. Their separate papers were presented together at an meeting of the Linnean Society of London. Thomas Henry Huxley applied Darwin's ideas to humans, using paleontology and comparative anatomy to provide strong evidence that humans and apes shared a common ancestry.]